Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 102

Essay Example as some concerns; â€Å"If a wife fears cruelty or desertion on her husbands part, there is no blame on them if they arrange an amicable settlement between themselves† (Quran: Surah 4 Verse 128 cited in Farag). In addition to guiding the husband and the wife, Allah has also guided on how reconciliation between the two has to be approached with the help of their relatives in these words, â€Å"If ye fear a breach between them twain, appoint (two) arbiters, one from his family, and the other from hers; if they wish for peace, God will cause their reconciliation: For God hath full knowledge, and is acquainted with all things† (Quran: Surah 4 Verse 35 cited in Farag). Divorce becomes inevitable after all reconciliatory attempts have turned out futile. Islamic law as depicted by Quran is practical and considerate rather than unrealistic. The ultimate purpose of marriage is peace and happiness. Marriage provides people with a way to live the life happily and to set the foundations of a new family. If a couple is unable to achieve that together irrespective of their best efforts, then divorce is allowed. Islam emphasizes a lot on the concept of modesty and decency for both men and women. The dress code makes a fundamental part of this. Allah has discussed the matter of hijab for men in Quran in these words, â€Å"Say to the believing men that: they should cast down their glances and guard their private parts (by being chaste). This is better for them† (Quran: Chapter 24, Verse 30 cited in â€Å"The Qur’an and†). At another place in the Quran, Allah has described how women should dress to maintain the Hijab in these words, â€Å"O Prophet! Say to your wives, your daughters, and the women of the believers that: they should let down upon themselves their jalabib† (Quran: Chapter 33, Verse 59 cited in â€Å"The Qur’an and†). Hijab is of immense importance for both men and women since it helps them protect their modesty and respect. In the present age, when women have also

Hamlet is known to be the most popular play written by Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Hamlet is known to be the most popular play written by Shakespeare Essay Hamlet is known to be the most popular play written by Shakespeare. It is also, by a significant margin, the longest of Shakespeares plays. It has been translated to many languages and has become the subject of excited and critical debate more than any other work of literature. The play was written around 1602 or 1603 at a period of time when Elizabethan London was a melting pot of unique intellectual and artistic ferment. For Shakespeare at the turn of the century, when he addressed himself to the Hamlet story, contradiction and the uncertainty of attitude towards revenge would have been part of the air he breathed. He must also have been familiar with a considerable body of literature in which revenge was a central concern. Hamlet must have been written shortly after Julius Caesar (1599), another revenge play. At two moments in Hamlet the killing of Caesar is remembered. Julius Caesar had contained a vengeful ghost. Hamlet complicates the story by directing attention to three linked father-and-son pairs: old Hamlet and the prince who has inherited his name but not his kingdom, old Fortinbras and a son whose situation is similar to that of Hamlet but whose character is very different, Polonius and Laertes. All three fathers die by violence. All three sons feel responsible to take revenge, but the response of each to his task is completely different. There is also the absorbing debate about sexuality and sexual morality. As society continues to change the nature of that debate shifts but the basic issues dealt with in Hamlet remain fundamental to man and this is perhaps the reason why a four hundred year old text in Elizabethan English continues to excite people from so many different cultures and ideologies. Act 3 Scene 4 takes place in Gertrudes closet. Here a series of fast paced events takes place. Hamlet speaking daggers to his mother, Polonius murdered accidentally, Hamlets second and final meeting with the ghost, the re-joining of the mother-son bond all fall under this scene. Shakespeare makes this scene very important through the use of language, style, setting etc. This scene follows the play within a play performed by the players in Act 3 Scene 3. Hamlet had used the play to catch the conscience of the King. Hamlet aims to get both the King and Queens conscience through the play. He gets her by questioning Madam, how do you like this play? showing how he wants to make her feel guilty. Act 3 Scene 4 is somewhat a continuation of his quest to free his mother from her incestuous sin. It also follows Claudius plotting with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to kill Hamlet in England and Polonius plan to spy on Hamlet when he approaches his mother in the closet. The scene begins as a kind of dramatic parallel to Act 3 Scene 1: Polonius eavesdropping, Gertrude speaking to her son. As before with Ophelia Hamlet comes face to face with somebody to whom he was once close to but from whom he has been deliberately separated. The murder of King Hamlet and the marriage of Queen Gertrude all are the cause of this break-up. The discussion between mother and son, the only extended one in the play, concentrates upon how her sexual lust has led her to leave her wholesome brother for a mildewed ear. This is the only scene where mother and son are alone (excluding Polonius). Hence Shakespeare is able to bring out Hamlets feelings and opinions about his mothers incestuous crime. His opening lines itself show his mockery of the rhythm and the words of her reprimand. Hamlet turns the finger of accusation to her; he turns the tables on her through his language. Queen: Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended. Hamlet: Mother, you have my father much offended. Queen: Come, come, you answer with an idle tongue. Hamlet: Go, go, you question with a wicked tongue. Hamlet also makes his purpose clear: You go not till I set you up on a glass where you may see the innermost part of you.

The Tragic Tale of Pauls Case Essay example -- Paul

The Tragic Tale of Paul's Case Love could have saved Paul in Willa Cather's "Paul's Case," but love does not find Paul. It is withheld within the hearts of all the people that could have shown affection toward Paul. Although Paul's life ends in suicide, Paul's English teacher, Charley Edwards, or Paul's father could have prevented his premature death. Â   First, Paul's English teacher could have prevented Paul's suicide. After her confrontation with Paul at the chalkboard, she becomes Paul's greatest school adversary. She is Paul's leading detractor at his meeting with the principal, but not without regret. Cather writes, "His teachers left the building dissatisfied and unhappy; humiliated to have felt so vindictive toward a mere boy, to have uttered this feeling in cutting terms, and to have set each other on, as it were, in the gruesome game of intemperate reproach" (156). The regretful English teacher should have spoken to Paul alone, but the story tells of no such occasion. Even though she has blown an opportunity to understand Paul, she is given another chance. During...

Henry Flemming Age Comparison :: essays research papers

Henry Flemming Age Comparison Henry Flemming underwent a major change as he became older. He became more courageous as an older man than he was as a youth. It may have been that he had not matured at the time of the war or that the war had changed him and made him more courageous. Regardless the reason, the older Henry Flemming was much more courageous than he was as a youth and there are a few situations in which he was able to prove that his courage had grown.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times Henry would sit around and tell his stories of war. When he was asked if he was ever scared, Henry would tell the people listening that in fact he did get scared during battles. In fact, he even told them that at his first battle, he was so frightened that he fled from it. Telling a group of people that you had a weakness and were so scared that you had to flee from the danger takes a lot of courage. When Henry was a youth at war, he was terrified that someone would find out that he had fled and he was terrified of what people would say if they found out that he had fled, but Henry developed the courage to be able to freely admit to it and even laugh about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then, when he was in bed one evening, he arose out of bed to find his drunken help blabbering that the barn was on fire. When Henry ran outside, he discovered that the drunken help’s lantern had caused the fire. Then, without thinking twice, Henry ran into the barn to rescue the animals. He rescued them even after he had been injured by one or more of them. When Henry was younger at war, he would always think twice or even more than twice before he went into battle, but the older Henry did not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Henry thought he had rescued all of the animals and that they were safe, the drunken help reminded him of the colts that he had left in the burning barn. Henry automatically decided that he had to get the colts out of the barn. The crowd of neighbors that had gathered told him that it was too dangerous and that it was just a suicide mission. Henry looked at the burning barn and, knowing that he was risking his life, he said that he had to at least attempt to rescue the colts anyways. Henry Flemming Age Comparison :: essays research papers Henry Flemming Age Comparison Henry Flemming underwent a major change as he became older. He became more courageous as an older man than he was as a youth. It may have been that he had not matured at the time of the war or that the war had changed him and made him more courageous. Regardless the reason, the older Henry Flemming was much more courageous than he was as a youth and there are a few situations in which he was able to prove that his courage had grown.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times Henry would sit around and tell his stories of war. When he was asked if he was ever scared, Henry would tell the people listening that in fact he did get scared during battles. In fact, he even told them that at his first battle, he was so frightened that he fled from it. Telling a group of people that you had a weakness and were so scared that you had to flee from the danger takes a lot of courage. When Henry was a youth at war, he was terrified that someone would find out that he had fled and he was terrified of what people would say if they found out that he had fled, but Henry developed the courage to be able to freely admit to it and even laugh about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then, when he was in bed one evening, he arose out of bed to find his drunken help blabbering that the barn was on fire. When Henry ran outside, he discovered that the drunken help’s lantern had caused the fire. Then, without thinking twice, Henry ran into the barn to rescue the animals. He rescued them even after he had been injured by one or more of them. When Henry was younger at war, he would always think twice or even more than twice before he went into battle, but the older Henry did not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After Henry thought he had rescued all of the animals and that they were safe, the drunken help reminded him of the colts that he had left in the burning barn. Henry automatically decided that he had to get the colts out of the barn. The crowd of neighbors that had gathered told him that it was too dangerous and that it was just a suicide mission. Henry looked at the burning barn and, knowing that he was risking his life, he said that he had to at least attempt to rescue the colts anyways.

Foreign Direct Investment in Ireland

â€Å"Foreign Direct Investment in Ireland: Policy Implications for Emerging Economies† is a scholarly journal article which is written by Peter J. Buckley and Frances Ruane of the University of Leeds and Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland. The article is well structured and starts off with an introduction explaining how the important role of multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the global economy relates to issues of how the foreign direct investment (FDI) they control impacts on overall economic activity in the receiving countries. It explains that specific emphasis is centered on how the government can influence FDI policies and thereby attract more of an audience. The journal article focuses the entire paper on the FDI in Ireland because of two primary reasons: 1) because Ireland has consistently promoted export-platform inward investment into the manufacturing sector for over four decades, and 2) MNEs in the Ireland economy now account for fifty percent of manufacturing employment and are the focal point of restructuring of the Irish manufacturing sector over the past twenty years. The introduction then goes on to explain that there are four sections of the paper (the first being the introduction itself). The second section examines literature that emphasizes the selective promotion of MNEs, as well as the DFI policies that have promoted MNEs on a selective basis in Ireland. The third section shows primarily how Ireland has attempted to establish industrial clusters in manufacturing, while the fourth and final section draws out some policy propositions for newly emerging economies, which are based on the Irish policy experience. For the second section of the journal article, it explains that until the 1970s there was pretty much an implication of free mobility of capital across sectors. Then, it explains, the ‘Internalization School’ provided a strong connection between MNEs and development in general. In essence, the school argued that developing countries are inexperienced and lack resources, so FDI could essentially help developing countries through capital, technology, and management techniques as well as overall â€Å"know-how. MNEs have far better access to capital from the international banking sector, and this can make a dramatic effect on the development of countries. Technology transfer can also speed up development by â€Å"facilitating the production of goods with higher value-added content by increasing exports and improving efficiency. † The article explains that MNEs posses most of the international patents and it would be much easier for developing countries to get access to these resources by inviting and encouraging FDI. The article also points out that MNEs can also play a huge role in teaching the know-how of the newly emerged sector or enterprise to locals in the respective emerging economy. Finally what is also pointed out is that MNEs allow developing countries to penetrate foreign markets because they may make use of worldwide marketing outlets thereby allowing the selling of products where large marketing investments would have otherwise been needed. Ireland starting shifting its policies from high rates of tariff protection and prohibition of FDI towards a free trade policy that comprised of encouragement and incentives for MNEs. More specifically, the incentives were given in the form of generous financial support for capital investment as well as through giving a tax holiday of fifteen to twenty years on the incremental profits generated by export sales. The journal article then goes on to further elaborate on the development of policy in Ireland. It explains that Ireland realized huge benefits in the 1960s because it had very attractive FDI environment. This was furthered by Ireland’s entry in to the European Community in the 1970s. However, in the 1970s, policy towards FDI became much more selective in Ireland. More specifically, it encouraged investment into the production of high-tech goods by proactively seeking out electronics and pharmaceuticals enterprises and gave higher rates of financial assistance to these high-tech promoted sectors. Another advantage to potential FDI was that there was no opposition or domestic competitors. In formulating this more selective approach, policymakers in Ireland developed a specific system of selectivity for influencing the pattern of MNE investment that was comprised of four stages: (i) finding niche high-value/volume product markets with European growth potential; (ii) identifying enterprises in these markets, which were already exporting large volumes into Europe likely, in terms of the product cycle, to con- sider a European production base; (iii) persuading these enterprises to consider Ireland as an investment base; and (iv) agreeing an incentives package which would both secure the investment and ensure maximum benefit to Ireland as a host country. Since the 1980s, there has been continued evolving in the policy, largely because of limitations set by the EU which ultimately led to the replacement of the original tax holiday with an overall low corporate tax on all profits (trade-neutral). The article then shows how there is a parallel with Ireland concerning China. It explains that China is an attractive location for FDI largely because of its growing domestic industry as well as its low-cost exporting system. It lists a problem that is associated with the aggressive FDI and MNE policy creation that often blocks local private companies from accessing capital thereby cutting them off from export markets. The third section of the journal article discusses the development of clusters in Ireland. It is explained that such development has evolved to be that enterprises now need to take account not only of the presence and costs of traditional factors (such as transport costs and demand levels or patterns), but also of distance-related transaction expenses. There is a lot of theoretical history and implications made from different schools of thought, however this section (and the focus of the article in general) is more concerned with how this relates to Ireland and what developing countries can learn out of it. The article explains that there has always been an Irish effort to induce MNEs to locate in areas of high unemployment and depopulation via financial incentives, however the country only began attempting to build sectorial and spatial clusters since the 1980s. As previously mentioned, they were in two high-tech sectors: electronics and chemicals/pharmaceuticals. Regarding the electronics sector, Ireland was primarily building an electronics cluster to service the European market because the domestic market was not as important. This cluster was built on Ireland’s attractive MNE incentive reputation as well as by collaborating with its existing network of established MNEs. The initial hope was to attract some key electronics investments and then leverage further MNEs who essentially followed suit from the established key MNEs by also establishing bases in Ireland to keep up with competition. In the 1980s, the article explains, there were four key segments: microprocessors, software, computer products and printers. Namely, Ireland succeeded in attracting two key enterprises: Intel and Microsoft. Their initial hope had paid off soon because Hewlett-Packard followed suit, and then a bunch of other smaller electronics and software enterprises all of which wanted to utilize and link with the larger key enterprises. Regarding the chemical/pharmaceutical sector, Ireland followed much of the same leveraged approach, and got similar results even though this sector was much more footloose. However, there is little evidence of production links between the subsequent and key enterprises as there is in the electronics sector. There is also the subsector of medical devices (mainly in West Ireland) where significant grants can still be granted under EU law. The article explains that this is a much less concentrated sector and thus the average enterprise size is much smaller (unlike the electronics and chemicals/pharmaceuticals enterprises). Within this section of the paper, the author notes that there is a specific parallel with India. The article states that like Ireland, â€Å"India had a switch from a protectionist (and dirigiste) regime to a more open one, this process beginning with the Indian software industry. † India’s most successful FDI is the software cluster in Bangalore. The software cluster in India has the support of universities and colleges as well as returning Indian immigrants to strengthen the pool of available skilled labor for these MNEs. As previously mentioned, the fourth and final section of this journal article is all about the implications for FDI policy in newly emerging economies. The article starts off by saying that there are similarities with developing and newly-emerging economies and Ireland in the late 1960s/early 1970s. The article suggests that Ireland’s strategy is particularly appealing to emerging economies that have no strategic power in trade. Ireland was exceptionally successful in attracting MNE investment in the past decade â€Å"is at least in part due to its consistently positive stance towards MNEs over four decades. The article also says that a key reason why Ireland was so successful was because they see government as assisting rather than constraining them. More specifically, however, the paper lists the following implications that are extracted and gathered from the experiences of the success of the Ireland policy. First, it says â€Å"host countries can never stop being pro-active. † There needs to be some serious effort in attracting MNEs. Secondly, â€Å"a package of incentives is superior to a single incentive. This i s based on MNE surveys, which illustrate the fact that they do not prefer single incentives. They prefer a package of incentves. Thirdly, â€Å"host countries should adopt an enterprise-centered approach. † This means that host countries need to makes sure that they understand the global strategies of MNEs, not only as it would relate locally and regionally. Fourthly, it contends, â€Å"sectoral direction requires project selectivity. † The article explains that many emerging countries are insufficiently selective in attempting to attract MNEs. Other implications include the fact that policy consistency matters to investors – that there should not be any room for uncertainty as to an abrupt policy change; the fact that performance-based incentives are a good idea; as well as the fact that projects need to be monitored. That is, clear goals and reporting requirements need to established early on. Now that the summary of the paper has been established, I can now give my own commentary. To begin with, I feel that the paper was well written. It was definitely well organized and cited many references that added credibility to the author’s points. I am in agreement that there are huge advantages to attracting foreign direct investment and MNEs. They are especially useful to emerging economies, because as the paper mentioned, I also agree that there are many resources that would otherwise be unavailable. There is the advantage of global marketing, the advantage of penetrating into external markets. There is also the advantage of the MNEs having access to international financing. However, I feel that there are also disadvantages and problems to FDI and enticing MNEs. If incentives are offered to these organizations, it often causes the local businesses and entrepreneurs to either struggle or fail because they are not able to compete. So in order to solve this problem, I feel that there needs to be many factors that are considered before diving into FDI and changing policies to entice MNEs. Among the considerations that I feel should be made is how under-developed the economy is, as well as a plan of how long these incentives should last. If a country is beyond the initial stages and there are solid businesses that are thriving and all that is needed is more growth, I think the country should be careful about introducing MNEs at least in those same sectors of those thriving businesses. That is, because if they are in the same sector, those very businesses that started the economy are likely to fail. Another consideration as I mentioned is how long these incentives should last if implemented. In essence, there should be a moderation of policy in which there attracts healthy investments but also that doesn’t hurt at home. I also feel that there are other problems with MNEs and FDI in general. For example, when the host country is in dire need of FDI to spur economic growth, they are essentially at the MNE’s mercy and there are often rules that are broken. For example if a country has environmental protection laws and the MNE breaks them, is the country prepared to enforce the laws, or succumb to the threat of a worsened economy if the MNE’s leave or are forced out? These issues need to be solved by considering them before any agreements are made. As the article says, proper planning is key to successful MNE recruitment. Other problems are that like in Ireland, the EU might pass laws disallowing certain incentives. These need to be researched to see whether deals can be grandfathered or not (before the passing of the law), otherwise this can prove detrimental to the whole FDI recruitment plan. At times the governments of the host country face issues with foreign direct investment. This is because it has less control over the functioning of the company, as it is functioning as the wholly owned subsidia ry of an overseas company. This has the potential to lead to serious issues. The MNE might not have to be completely submissive to the economic policies of the host country. It is not unheard of that there have been instances of adverse effects on the balance of payments of a country, for example. The solution to these issues is again proper planning and legal strategy. Attorneys well learned in international business law need to be familiar with all aspects of the law in both the host country as well as the MNE’s home country. Without proper planning, disasters can occur which would undermine the original intent of enticing MNEs and FDI in the first place.

The constructability of this building will be done, which includes the sitework The WritePass Journal

The constructability of this building will be done, which includes the sitework Introduction The constructability of this building will be done, which includes the sitework Introduction In this section, a complete review of the constructability of this building will be done, which includes the sitework, site utilities, building foundations, connections, structural frame, precast units and so on. 1. Sitework In this case, the site logistics have been allocated and defined by different colours, also there is a sufficient area for their use (Fig.1). In addition, there are underground utilities such as cable, pipes, or for drainage water, which usually put in the trench. The drainage system has to be install early to support collect the rainfall. Shoring is used for the structure of building and trench to avoid the collapse or falling during the construction process. In the early phase, Backhoes are suitably used for excavating trenches and basement, which own a shorter arm rather than Backacter.  Ã‚  In this period, the side slopes of the excavation should be taken into account. In this case, the building has shallow foundations which typically less than 2m deep. Therefore, shallow and sloping excavations are worked out, and the backhoes are accepted. By considering the site balance, there are two areas of the stockpile to ensure the enough space for stuff even the excess. Furthermore, the landscape soil should be compacted sufficiently. Recompaction would be needed if the soil was loose or bad weather had caused it to loosen. And the retaining walls would be needed before the foundation constructed. 2. Building foundations The conflicts between foundations and underground work should be avoided.  Ã‚  In terms of this building where located in an exposed coastal place, which means every five-year period the chloride content would increase 0.5% on the outer 50mm of concrete. Thus, the foundation should be able to prevent the water and chloride corrosion. In addition, there should be some barriers and warning board to avoid people close to the large vaults, or fall into the pits and holes and so on. 3. Structural steelwork During construction, if the structural steelwork is not related to other construction elements, a temporary bracing system would be necessary to supply more stability for the structure. Actually, there are rarely failures in structural element, the majority of failures occur in the poorly restrained connections. The two ways of connecting construction elements are bolting and welding respectively. Through comparing both types of connections, welded connections would be installed rapidly and much easier than bolted connections. By welding, the construction elements often have a few holes. It makes the program is processing quickly as well. On the other hand, bolted connections also have several advantages. Bolted connections are safer and more flexible than welded connections. Take account of the building, I prefer to use both of them. A beam to column connection is such an example. The plate that is connected to beams by bolted connections could become simple when the plate welded onto the column beforehand. Precast concrete units The shoring formwork that located around the edge concrete is used for preventing any falls. The topping that is on the precast concrete units can not only provide a level surface of the floor, but also increase the strength slightly. It also supplies a protection of precast concrete floor and the steel bar inside.

Native American Abuse essays

Native American Abuse essays Imagine your country had been invaded by a very powerful group of people. Before anything drastic could be done these people had invaded your shores and had creeping inward upon your land. At first they acted with scorn and called us names and disrespect. After several groups of our people revolted against these invaders they decided to negotiate certain terms with us. Then after thinking all was well many of these agreements were broken and they started to ship us like freight to areas where they could hold a lot of our kind while they abuse and take over our country/land. We tried to fight back but it was useless, we were at their strong armys demise. It is sad that such atrocities were done to perform an act of genocide on our people. Though you might assume this is an excerpt from a Jew during the holocaust those oppressed are Native Americans and the cruel invaders are none other than the U.S. Government and Army. While many revere (including ourselves) the United States as a world superpower and a role model to other countries is it so quickly forgotten of our own Holocaust? (Actually there are two; one killing 40 to 60,000,000 Africans, and one killing 100,000,000 Native Red Peoples). Hitler himself often expressed his admiration for the expediency in which the American Christians removed the Native Americans and gave them mass graves like the one in Wounded Knee, South Dakota. If this is so how can we even bare to criticize and severely punish those who follow in Hitlers example and ways if us ourselves still havent fully paid the dues to the extent of our crimes? The treatment of Native Americans in the U.S. is on of the most forgotten atrocities in our history. Calling ourselves Americans is basically a l ie since we are not Natives to this land. Some even try to justify these actions on Natives by pointing out that the Native Americans had attacked and raided on A ...

German Vocabulary Related to Cars and Driving in German Europe

German Vocabulary Related to Cars and Driving in German Europe Because cars and car culture are so significant in Germany, no German vocab lesson would be complete without understanding car parts. A German language beginner will be well equipped to talk shop after reviewing these terms. Words are accompanied by parts of speech (adj, adv, n, and v for adjective, adverb, noun, and verb, respectively), suffixes that pluralize (-e, -n, -en, -er, se, and -s), and UK for U.K. terminology not used in the U.S. As with many languages outside of English, noun genders are extremely important. Thus, nouns are further listed with r  (for der, the masculine article),  e  (for die, the feminine),  or s  (for das, what we call neuter, for neither masculine or feminine). English/German Car and Driver Phrases and Vocabulary A anti-lock brake system, ABS (n):  s Antiblockiersystem  (ABS) accelerate  (v):  beschleunigen,  Gas geben acceleration (n):  e Beschleunigung to have good/bad acceleration (v):  eine gute/schlechte Beschleunigung haben accelerator (n):  s Gaspedal,  s Gas accident (n):  r Unfall, Unflle adjustable (adj):  verstellbar electrically adjustable seats (n):  elektrisch verstellbare Sitze airbag (n):  r Airbag(-s) side airbags (n): e Seitenairbags air brake (n):  e Luftdruckbremse(-n) air cleaner/filter (n):  r Luftfilter air conditioned (adj):  klimatisiert air conditioning (system) (n):  e Klimaanlage,  e Aircondition  (no -ed or -ing!)air conditioning (cooling) (n):  e Klimatisierung alarm system (n):  e  (Auto)Alarmanlage,  e Diebstahlwarnanlage all-wheel drive (n):  r Allradantrieb alternator (n):  e Lichtmaschine(-n) aluminum wheel/rim (n):  e Alufelge(-n) antifreeze (n):  r Frostschutz,  s Frostschutzmittel armrest (n):  e Armlehne(-n) ashtray (n):  r Aschenbecher auto, car (n):  s Auto(-s),  r Wagen automobile (n):  r Kraftwagenvehicle (n):  s Kraftfahrzeug  (Kfz)passenger car (n):  Personenkraftwagen (Pkw, pay-kaw-vay)truck (n):  Lastkraftwagen (Lkw) autobahn, freeway (n):  e Autobahn(-en) autobahn police, highway patrol (n):  e Autobahnpolizei automatic transmission (n):  s Automatengetriebe,  s Automatikgetriebe manual transmission (n):  s Schaltgetriebe avenue (n): e Allee(-n), e Chaussee axle (n):  e Achse(-n) to be on the road:  auf Achse sein  (car, truck)front axle (n):  e Vorderachse(-n)rear axle (n):  e Hinterachse(-n) B backrest (n):  e Rà ¼ckenstà ¼tze(-n) back-up light (n):  r Rà ¼ckfahrscheinwerfer back seat (n):  r Rà ¼cksitz(-e) battery (n):  e Batterie the batterys dead (n):  die Batterie ist leer belt  (mechanical) (n):  r Riemen fan belt (n):  r Keilriemen belt  safety (n):  r Gurt(-e) seat belt (n):  r Sicherheitsgurt beverage/cup holder (n):  r Becherhalter,  r Getrnkehalter,  r Cupholder blinker (n):  s Blinklicht(-er) warning blinker/flasher (n):  s Warnblinklicht body, bodywork (n):  e Karosserie(-en) bonnet (UK), hood (n):  e Haube(-n) boulevard (n): e Allee(-n), e Chaussee brake (n):  e Bremse(-n) brake fluid (n):  e Bremsflà ¼ssigkeitbrake light (n):  s Bremslicht(-er)brake lining (n):  r Bremsbelag(-e)brake pad (n):  r Bremsklotz(-klà ¶tzer)braking distance (n):  r Bremsweg(-e) brake (v): bremsen to slam on the brakes  (v):  auf die Klà ¶tzer treten Breathalyzer, drunkometer (n):  r Promillemesser bucket seat (n):  r Schalensitz(-e) bumper (n):  e Stoßstange(-n) bus, coach (n):  r Bus(-se) button, knob (n):  r Knopf (plural: Knà ¶pfe) C car, auto (n):  s Auto,  r Wagen car rental/hire, auto rental agency (n):  r Autoverleihrental/hire car (n):  r Mietwagen,  r Leihwagen car alarm (n):  e Autoalarmanlage car crash (n):  r Autounfall car key, ignition key (n):  r Autoschlà ¼ssel car radio (n):  s Autoradio carburetor (n):  r Vergaser cassette player (n):  r Kassettenspieler CD player (n):  r CD-Spieler catalytic converter (n):  r Katalysator central locking (n):  e Zentralverriegelung chassis (n):  s Chassis,  s Fahrgestell child seat, childrens seat (n):  r Kindersitz(-e) chime (for door, lights) (n):  s Gelut(-e) cigarette lighter (in car) (n):  r Zigarettenanzà ¼nder clock (n):  e Uhr(-en) clutch (n):  e Kupplung  (-en) clutch pedal (n):  s Kupplungspedallet in the clutch  (v): einkuppelnlet out the clutch  (v): auskuppeln collide, crash  (v)  einen Unfall haben,  zusammenstoßen  (two cars) collision, crash (n):  r Unfall,  r Zusammenstoß(-stà ¶ÃƒÅ¸e)rear-end collision (n):  r Auffahrunfallcollision, crash (into an object) (n):  r Aufprallcollision, crash (of several cars), pile-up (n):  e Karambolage console (n):  e Konsole(-n) controls (on dashboard, console, etc.) (n):  e Schalter convertible (n):  s Kabrio,  s Kabriolett coolant, cooling fluid (n):  s Kà ¼hlmittel crash, accident (n):  r Unfall,  r Zusammenstoß(-stà ¶ÃƒÅ¸e) crash (v):  einen Unfall haben cruise control (n):  r Tempomat cup holder (n):  r Becherhalter,  r Cupholder D dashboard (n):  s Armaturenbrett defroster (n):  r Entfroster dent (n):  e Beule(-n),  e Delle(-n) diesel engine/motor (n):  r Dieselmotor diesel fuel (n):  s Dieselà ¶l differential (n):  s Differenzial dim headlights, low beams (n):  s Abblendlicht drive with dimmed headlights (v):  mit Abblendlicht fahrendim (switch to low beams)  (v):  abblenden dimmer switch (n):  r Abblendschalter dipstick (n):  r Ãâ€"lmessstab(-stbe) directional signal (n):  r Blinker disc brake (n):  e Scheibenbremse(-n) door (n):  e Tà ¼r(-en) door handle (n):  r Tà ¼rgriff(-e) door lock(s) (n):  e Tà ¼rverriegelung automatic door locks (n):  automatische Tà ¼rverriegelungremote-control locks (n):  funkgesteuerte Tà ¼rverriegelung drive (n):  e Autofahrt,  e Fahrt, r Weg go for a drive (v):  fahren,  ein bisschen rausfahren drive (v):  fahren drive around (v):  herumfahren driver (n):  r Fahrer drivers license, driving licence  (UK) (n):  r Fà ¼hrerschein(-e) driveway (n):  e Einfahrt, e Ausfahrt Dont block driveway!: Einfahrt freihalten! driving school (n):  e Fahrschule(-n) drunk driving, DUI/DWI (n):  e Trunkenheit am Steuer drunkometer, Breathalyzer (n):  r Promillemesser E electric windows:  elektrische Fensterheber engine (n):  r Motor(-en) diesel engine/motor (n):  r Dieselmotor emergency (n):  r Notfall(-flle) emergency brake (n):  e Handbremse,  e Notbremseemergency flasher (n):  s Warnblinklichtemergency number (n):  r Notruf,  e Notrufnummer: 110 for police; 112 for fireemergency road sign (n):  s Warndreieck: (German drivers carry a triangular warning sign in their vehicle in case of emergencies)emergency roadside telephone (n):  s Notruftelefon,  e Notrufsule emission control system (n):  e Abgasreinigungsanlage emissions, exhaust (n):  e Abgase exhaust (n):  r Auspuff exhaust manifold (n):  r Auspuffkrà ¼mmerexhaust muffler (n):  r Auspufftopfexhaust pipe (n):  s Auspuffrohr excursion, side-trip (n):  r Abstecher,  r Ausflug to take an excursion (v):  einen Ausflug machen F fan (n):  r Ventilator(-en) fan belt (n):  r Keilriemen fender (n):  r Kotflà ¼gel fender-bender (n):  kleiner Blechschaden filler cap, gas cap (n):  r Tankdeckel filling station, gas station (n):  e Tankstelle(-n) first aid kit (n):  r Verbandskasten(-ksten) flasher, hazard warning light (n):  e Lichthupe(-n),  s Warnblinklicht(-er) hazard warning lights (n):  e Warnblinkanlage(-n) floor mat (n):  e Fußmatte(-n) folding  (adj):  klappbar folding cup holder (n):  klappbarer Becherhalter fluid (brake, washer, etc.) (n):  e Flà ¼ssigkeit(-en) fog light (n):  r Nebelscheinwerfer rear fog light (n):  e Nebelschlussleuchte(-n) four-wheel drive (n):  r Vierradantrieb four-stroke engine (n):  r Viertaktmotor(-en) freeway, autobahn (n):  e Autobahn(-en) front door (n):  e Vordertà ¼r(-en) rear door (n):  e Hintertà ¼r front seat (n):  r Vordersitz(-e) front-wheel drive (n):  r Vorderradantrieb fuel (n):  r Kraftstoff,  r Treibstoff,  r Sprit,  s Benzin fuel (v):  tanken,  auftanken,  Treibstoff aufnehmen fuel economy (n):  geringer Kraftstoffverbrauch fuel gauge, gas gauge (n):  e Benzinuhr,  e Tankuhr fuel injection (n):  e Einspritzung fuel injection engine (n):  r Einspritzmotor fuel tank, gas tank (n):  r Tank fuse (n):  e Sicherung(-en) fuse box (n):  r Sicherungskasten(-ksten) G garage (house) (n):  e Garage(-n) in the garage: in der Garage garage (repairs) (n):  e Werkstatt(-n) in the garage: bei der Reparatur,  in der Werkstatt garage door (n):  s Garagentor(-e) garage door opener (n):  r Garagentorà ¶ffner gasoline, petrol (n):  s Benzin unleaded gas (n):  bleifreies Benzin gas cap (n):  r Tankdeckel gas cap cover (n):  e Tankklappe(-n)gas station (n):  e Tankstelle(-n)gas tank (n):  r Tank(-s) gauge (indicator) (n):  r Anzeiger,  e Uhr gas gauge (n):  e Benzinuhroil pressure gauge (n):  r Ãâ€"ldruckanzeigertemperature gauge (n):  r Temperaturanzeiger,  r Fernthermometer gear (n):  r Gang  (Gnge) first/second gear (n):  erster/zweiter Gangneutral gear (n):  r Leerlaufput in gear (v):  einen Gang einlegenput in third gear (v):  den dritten Gang einlegenswitch gears (v):  schaltenswitch into second gear (v):  in den zweiten Gang schalten gearbox (n):  s Getriebe gear shift lever, gear stick (console, floor) (n):  r Schalthebel gear shift lever (steering wheel) (n):  r Schaltknà ¼ppel generator (n):  r Dynamo,  r Generator,  e Lichtmaschine glove box/compartment (n):  s Handschuhfach glycol (n):  s Glykol grill (radiator) (n):  r Kà ¼hlergrill H halogen light (n):  e Halogenlampe(-n) hazard warning lights (n):  e Warnblinkanlage(-n) headlight (n):  r Scheinwerfer head restraint, headrest (n):  e Kopfstà ¼tze(-en) headroom (n):  r Kopfraum heater, heating (n):  e Heizung,  s Heizgert high beam (n):  s Fernlicht highway (n):  e Fernstraße(-n),  e Bundesstraße(-n) federal highway (n):  e Bundesstraßehighway (fuel mileage) (adv):  außerortscity (fuel mileage) (adv):  innerortshighway patrol (n):  e Autobahnpolizei,  e Polizei hitch-hike, hitch a ride (n):  per Anhalter fahren, trampen hitch-hiker (n):  r Anhalter,  e Anhalterin(-en)hitch-hiking (n):  s Trampen hood (convertible top) (n):  s Verdeck drive with hood/top down (v):  mit offenem Verdeck fahren hood, bonnet (engine) (n):  e Haube(-n),  e Motorhaube(-n) hood ornament (n):  e Kà ¼hlerfigur(-en) hood release (n):  r Haubenentriegeler,  r Motorhaubenentriegeler horn (n):  e Hupe(-n) blow/sound the horn (v):  hupen, auf die Hupe drà ¼cken horsepower, hp (n):  e Pferdestrke  (PS) a 190 hp engine (n):  ein Motor mit 190 PS hub (wheel) (n):  e Radnabe(-n) hub cap (n):  e Radkappe(-n) hydroplaning (n):  s Aquaplaning,  s Hydroplaning I idle (neutral gear) (n):  r Leerlauf idle (v):  leer laufen,  im Leerlauf laufen ignition (n):  e Zà ¼ndung ignition key (n):  r Zà ¼ndschlà ¼sselignition lock (n):  s Zà ¼ndschlossignition system (n):  e Zà ¼ndanlage insurance (n):  e Versicherung auto/car insurance (n):  e Autoversicherung,  e Kraftfahrzeugversicherung internal combustion engine (n):  r Verbrennungsmotor(-en) interior (n):  r Innenraum interior light (n):  s Innenlicht J jack (n):  r Wagenheber jack (up) (v):  aufbocken jack-knife (n):  s Querstellen des Anhngers the truck jack-knifed (v):  der Anhnger des Lastwagens stellte sich quer jalopy (n):  e Klapperkiste(-n) joyride (n):  e Spritztour jumper cable, jump leads (UK) (n):  s Starthilfekabel junk heap, junker (n):  r Schrotthaufen,  s Schrottauto(-s) junkyard (n):  r Schrottplatz(-pltze) K key (n):  r Schlà ¼ssel,  r Autoschlà ¼ssel kilometer (n):  r kilometer kilowatt (kW) (n):  s Kilowatt (in place of horsepower) knob, button (n):  r Knopf  (Knà ¶pfe) knock (engine) (v):  klopfen mph (n):  km/h L lamp (n):  e Lampe(-n),  s Licht(-er) lane (n):  e Spur(-en), e Gasse, e Straße(-n), r Weg get in the correct lane (v):  einordnenin the left/right lane (adj):  in/auf der linken/rechten Spur lane marking/stripe (n):  e Spurmarkierung(-en) lap (auto racing) (n):  e Etappe(-n),  e Runde(-n) lap belt (n):  r Schoßgurt(-e) L-driver (UK), learner driver (n):  r Fahrschà ¼ler,  e Fahrschà ¼lerin(-nen) lead-free, unleaded (adj):  bleifrei,  unverbleit unleaded gas/petrol (adj):  bleifreies Benzin leather (n):  s Leder leather interior (n):  e Lederausstattungleather seats (n):  Ledersitze leatherette (n):  s Kunstleder lease (v):  leasen,  mieten leg room (n):  e Beinfreiheit,  r Fußraum lemon (defective car) (n):  ein defektes/schlechtes Auto license (driver) (n):  r Fà ¼hrerschein(-e) license number (n):  s Kfz-Kennzeichen license plate (n):  s Nummernschild(-er) light (n):  s Licht(-er) light switch (n):  r Lichtschalter lighting (n):  e Beleuchtung limousine (n):  e Limousine lock (n):  s Schloss door lock (n):  s Tà ¼rschlosscentral/automatic locking (n):  e Zentralverriegelungignition lock (n):  s Zà ¼ndschlosslocking steering wheel (n):  e Wegfahrsperrelocking system (n):  e Verriegelung lock (v):  abschließen,  verriegeln,  zuschließen lock the steering wheel (n):  s Lenkrad sperren/arretieren unlock (v):  aufschließen lube, lubricate (v):  schmieren,  Ãƒ ¶len lubricant (n):  s Schmierà ¶l lubrication (n):  s Schmieren lug, bolt (n):  r Bolzen lug nut (n):  e Bolzenmutter(-n) lug wrench (n):  r Bolzenschlà ¼ssel luggage compartment (n):  r Kofferraum luggage net (n):  s Gepcknetzluggage rack (n):  r Gepcktrger luxury car (n):  s Luxusauto(-s) M magneto (n):  r Magnetzà ¼nder maintenance (n):  e Wartung manifold (exhaust) (n):  s Auspuffrohr manifold (intake) (n):  s Ansaugrohr manual transmission (n):  s Schaltgetriebe mechanic (n):  r Mechaniker auto/car mechanic (n):  r Automechaniker methanol (n):  s Methanol miles per gallon:  Liter auf 100 km gallon (n):  e Gallonemile (n):  r 1.61 kilometermile (n):  e Meile(-n)mileage (n):  r Benzinverbrauch,  r Kraftstoffverbrauchmiles per gallon:  Meilen pro Gallone mirror (n):  r Spiegel(-n) rear-view mirror (n):  r Rà ¼ckspiegelside/wing mirror (n):  r Außenspiegel motor (n):  r Motor(-en) motor, drive (v):  mit dem Auto fahren motorist (n):  r Autofahrer,  e Autofahrerin(-nen) motorway (UK), freeway (n):  e Autobahn(-en) motel (n):  s Motel(-s) mud flap/guard (n):  r Schmutzfnger muffler (n):  r Auspufftopf N neutral gear (n):  r Leerlauf nut (on bolt) (n):  e Mutter(-n) O octane (n):  s Oktan high-octane gas/fuel (n):  Benzin/Kraftstoff mit hoher Oktanzahl odometer (n):  r Kilometerzhler speedometer (n):  r Tachometertachometer (revolution counter) (n):  r Drehzahlmesser off-road vehicle (n):  s Gelndefahrzeug(-e) oil (n):  s Ãâ€"l oil change (n):  r Ãâ€"lwechseloil level (n):  r Ãâ€"lstandoil level warning (n):  e Ãâ€"lstandswarnungoil pressure (n):  r Ãâ€"ldruck one-way street (n):  e Einbahnstraße(-n) open (adj):  frei open road/highway (n):  freie Fahrtopen to traffic (n):  Durchfahrt frei output (n):  e Leistung outside mirrors (n):  Außenspiegel overheat (motor) (v):  Ãƒ ¼berhitzen,  heißlaufen overpass (n):  e ÃÅ"berfà ¼hrung oversized/long vehicle (n):  s Lang-Fahrzeug(-e) overtake, pass (v):  Ãƒ ¼berholen owner (n):  r Besitzer ozone (n):  s Ozon P park (v):  parken parking (n):  s Parken,  s Einparkenno parking (n):  r Parkverbotparking for 25 cars:  25 Parkpltzeplenty of parking:  genug Parkpltzeparking attendant (n):  r Parkplatzwchterparking bay (n):  e Parkbuchtparking brake (n):  e Parkbremseparking disk (n):  e Parkscheibe(-n)parking fine (n):  e Geldbuße (fà ¼r Parkvergehen)parking garage, car park (n):  s Parkhaus(-huser)parking light, sidelight (n):  s Standlicht(-er)parking lot (n):  r Parkplatzparking meter (n):  e Parkuhr(-en)parking space (n):  r Parkplatz(-pltze),  r Stellplatz  (off-street)parking ticket (n):  r Strafzettel parkway (n):  e Allee(-n) part (n):  r Teil(-e) car parts (n):  Autoteilemoving parts (n):  bewegliche Teilespare parts (n):  Ersatzteile pass, overtake (v):  Ãƒ ¼berholen no passing (n):  r ÃÅ"berholverbot passenger (in car) (n):  r Beifahrer,  r Mitfahrer passenger door (n):  e Beifahrertà ¼r(-en)passenger seat (n):  r Beifahrersitz(-e) passing lane (n):  e ÃÅ"berholspur(-en) pave (v):  betonieren  (concrete),  asphaltieren,  pflastern  (with stones) pavement, paving (n):  r Bodenbelag,  e Straße leave the pavement/road (v):  von der Straße abkommen pedal (n):  s Pedal(-e) put the pedal to the metal (v):  Vollgas geben per gallon:  pro Gallone per hour (n):  pro Stunde 62 mph: 100 km/h piston (n):  r Kolben piston engine (n):  r Kolbenmotor(-en)piston ring (n):  r  Kolbenring(-e)piston rod (n):  e Kolbenstange(-n) power locks (n):  e Zentralverriegelung power brakes (n):  Servobremsenpower mirrors (n):  elektrische Spiegelpower roof (n):  elektrisches Schiebedachpower steering (n):  e Servolenkungpower windows (n):  elektrische Fensterheber pressure (n):  r Druck oil pressure (n):  r Ãâ€"ldrucktire/tyre pressure (n):  r Reifendruck public transportation (n):  Ãƒ ¶ffentlicher Verkehr pump (n):  e Pumpe(-n) fuel pump (n):  e Benzinpumpe puncture, flat tire (n):  e Reifenpanne R radar (n):  s Radar radar detector (n):  r Radardetektor(-en)radar gun (n):  s Radar-Geschwindigkeitsmeßgert(-e)radar (speed) trap (n):  e Radarfalle(-n) radial tire (n):  r Gà ¼rtelreifen radiator (n):  r Kà ¼hler radiator cap (n):  r Kà ¼hlerverschlussdeckelradiator fan (n):  r Kà ¼hlerventilatorradiator grill (n):  r Kà ¼hlergrill radio (n):  s Radio(-s) radio-controlled, remote-controlled (adj):  ferngesteuert rear, rear-end (n):  s Heck rear axle (n):  e Hinterachse(-n) front axle (n):  e Vorderachse(-n) rear door (n):  hintere Tà ¼r(-en) rear drive (n):  r Heckantrieb rear-end (n):  s Heck rear-end collision (n):  r Auffahrunfall rear engine (n):  r Heckmotor(-en) rear light, tail light (n):  s Rà ¼cklicht(-er) rear wheel (n):  s Hinterrad(-rder) rear window (n):  s Heckfenster rear window defogger/defroster (n):  r Heckfenster-Entfroster rear-view mirror (n):  r Rà ¼ckspiegel rear-wheel drive (n):  r Heckantrieb reflector (n):  r Reflektor(-en) remote control (n):  e Fernsteuerung remote control locking key (n):  r Funkschlà ¼ssel reverse (gear) (n):  r Rà ¼ckwrtsgang(-gnge) drive in reverse (v):  rà ¼ckwrts fahrenreversing/back-up lights (n):  Rà ¼ckfahrscheinwerfer right (side) (n):  rechts drive on the right (n):  rechts fahrenleft (n):  linkson the right side (of the road) (n):  auf der rechten Seiteright-hand drive (n):  rechtsgesteuert right of way (n):  e Vorfahrt he has the right of way:  er hat Vorfahrt rim (wheel) (n):  e Felge(-n) aluminum rims (n):  Alufelgen ring (n):  r Ring(-e) piston ring (n):  r Kolbenring(-e) road, lane (n):  e Straße(-n),  e Landstraße(-n) road atlas (n):  e Straßenatlasroadblock (n):  e Straßensperre(-n)road construction (n):  r Straßenbauroad map (n):  e Straßenkarte(-n)road rage (n):  e Aggressivitt im Straßenverkehrroadside, shoulder of road (n):  r Straßenrandroadway (n):  e Fahrbahn roof (n):  s Dach  (Dcher),  s Verdeck roof lining (car) (n):  r Himmel roof rack (n):  r Dachtrger running board (n):  s Trittbrett rust proofing/protection (n):  r Rostschutz S safety/seat belt (n):  r Sicherheitsgurt(-e) seat (n):  r Sitz(-e) back seat (n):  r Rà ¼cksitzdrivers seat (n):  r Fahrersitzfront seat (n):  r Vordersitzpassenger seat (n):  r Beifahrersitzseat belts (n):  Sicherheitsgurte service (n):  e Wartung service interval (n):  s Wartungsintervall(-e) shift (gears) (v):  schalten shift lever, gearshift (n):  r Schalthebel signal (traffic) (n):  e Ampel signal (turn) (v):  anzeigen skid (n):  s Schleudern skid (v):  schleudern smog (n):  r Smog smooth-running (adj):  ruhig laufend snow chain (n):  e Schneekette(-n) snow tire (n):  r MS Reifen,  r Winterreifen mud and snow tires (n):  Matsch und Schneereifen (MS)snow shoes (n):  Schneereifen spare part (n):  r Ersatzteil(-e) spare tire (n):  r Ersatzreifen spare wheel,  r Ersatzrad(-rder) spark plug (n):  e Zà ¼ndkerze(-n) speaker (audio) (n):  e Box(-en),  r Lautsprecher speed (n):  e Geschwindigkeit,  s Tempo speed (v):  flitzen,  rasen,  sausenspeed limit (n):  e Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung(-en)speed limit (n):  s Tempolimita speed limit of 100 (n):  Tempo 100speed trap (camera, radar)  slang (n):  r Flitzerblitzerspeed trap (radar) (n):  e Radarfalle speeder, speedster (n):  r Flitzer,  r Raser speaker (audio) (n):  e Box(-en),  r Lautsprecher speedometer (n):  r Tachometer tachometer (revolution counter) (n):  r Drehzahlmesser sports car (n):  r Sportwagen spring (n):  e  (Sprung)Feder(-n),  e Federung starter (n):  r Starter,  r Anlasser steering wheel (n):  s Lenkrad,  s Steuerrad at the wheel (n):  am Steuer stick/manual shift (n):  s Schaltgetriebe stock car racing (n):  s Stockcarrennen stop (bus, tram) (n):  e Haltestelle(-n)stop (action) (n):  s Halten,  s Stoppenstop (v):  stoppen,  halten,  stocken  (traffic jam)stop/traffic light (n):  e Ampelstop sign  s Stop-Zeichen,  s Halteschild(-er),  s Stoppschild(-er) street (n):  e Straße(-n) street corner (n):  e Straßenecke(-n)street/road map (n):  e Straßenkarte(-n)street sign (n):  s Straßenschild(-er) styling (n):  s Design,  s Styling stylish (adj):  stilvoll sun visor (n):  e Sonnenblende(-n) sunroof (n):  s Schiebedach(-dcher) suspension (springs) (n):  e Federung(-en) suspension (wheels) (n):  e Aufhngung(-en) T tachograph, trip recorder (n):  r Fahrtenschreiber The EU requires trip recorders, which electronically records truck or bus speeds, driving, and rest times. tachometer (n):  r Drehzahlmesser tailgate (n):  e Hecktà ¼r  (car),  e Ladeklappe  (truck) tailgate (v):  zu dicht auffahren tail lamp, tail light (n):  s Rà ¼cklicht(-er) temperature gauge (n):  r Temperaturmesser thermostat (n):  r Temperaturregler tire (n):  r Reifen toll (bridge, turnpike) (n):  e Maut(-en) toll charge for trucks (n):  e Lkw-Maut(-en) tow (v):  schleppen,  abschleppen traffic (n):  r Verkehr traffic circle (n):  r Kreisverkehrtraffic cop (n):  r Verkehrspolizist  (-en)traffic jam (n):  r Stau(-s),  e Stauungtraffic light, signal (n):  e Ampel(-n)traffic sign (n):  s Verkehrsschild(-er) trailer (n):  r Anhnger,  r Sattelauflieger  (truck) transmission (n):  s Getriebe(-n) tread (tire) (n):  s Profil,  e Laufflche truck, lorry (n):  r Lkw(-s),  r Lastwagen big rig, tractor-trailer (n):  r Brummi(-s)truck driver (n):  r Lkw-Fahrer,  r Brummifahrertrucker (n):  r Brummifahrertrucking (n):  e Speditiontruckstop (n):  s Fernfahrerlokal trunk, boot (n):  r Kofferraum tune, tune up (engine) (n):  tunen turnpike (n):  e Mautstraße,  e Mautautobahn turn signal (n):  s Blinklicht(-er) U undercoat (paint) (n):  e Grundierung(-en) undercoating (n):  r Unterbodenschutz unleaded fuel (n):  bleifreier Kraftstoff,  bleifreies Benzin V van (n):  r Transporter vehicle (n):  s Fahrzeug(-e),  s Kraftfahrzeug ventilation (n):  e Belà ¼ftung,  e Ventilation voltage (n):  e Spannung What is the voltage of...?  Wieviel Volt hat...? voltmeter (n):  s Voltmeter visor (n):  e Blende(-n) W warning light (n):  s Warnlicht(-er) water pump (n):  e Wasserpumpe(-n) wheel (n):  s Rad  (Rder) window (n):  s Fenster windshield, windscreen (n):  e Windschutzscheibe(-n) windshield washer (n):  e Scheibenwaschanlage(-n) windshield wiper (n):  r Scheibenwischer winter tire (n):  r Winterreifen wiper (n):  r Wischer wiper blade (n):  s Wischerblatt(-bltter),  r Wischergummi(-s) wiper speed (n):  e Wischergeschwindigkeit wiring (n):  elektrische Leitungen XYZ zenon light (n):  s Xenonlicht(-er) zero:  null from zero to sixty mph:  von null auf 100  km/h

What is the greatest obstacle preventing the US from having a more Research Paper

What is the greatest obstacle preventing the US from having a more effective and cost-effective healthcare system - Research Paper Example Different healthcare organizations have been affected by hospital staff turnover. Majority of the medical workers have been overworked and hence deciding to leave the profession. Currently, the decreasing number of nurses and medical personnel is a major problem with no new trainees joining the profession. Because of this, we have very many medical injustices and errors occurring each year. The success of a nation is determined by the health of its citizens. This facilitates economic development because the population is healthy and productive. The older population in America is stressed with the need for health insurance, something very expensive and almost unaffordable (Wieners 48). Because of this, it is necessary to have an insurance collectivism whereby the people are safeguarded from incurring exorbitant expenses for health care services. The issue of health care has widely been debated in the country. Just like the Medicaid Program, I believe something much more is needed to r educe the expenses incurred by the older generation when searching for medical support and care.Today the US is one the countries where a lot of money is spent per individual on issues related to healthcare. This is something that has been stressing the elderly citizens as well as the young ones. That being the case, the government has always been spending enormous amounts of money on other issues instead of tackling the health crisis faced in the country. Experts believe that the issue of health care is seen in the country as a hindrance to other agendas, but this should not be the case (Thompson 1). A lot of money is spent on secondary issues such as the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Also, while security is something important, it should not be highly considered compared to the health of the common citizen. From the studies that have been conducted in five key States in 2001, it has been indicated that medical debts always contribute to about 46.2 per cent of the bankruptcies reco rded. Another study conducted in the year 2007 showed an increase to 62.1 per cent. The medical expenses in the country have also remained hence making it hard for the people to access better health support (TEDxBigApple). These facts therefore support the need to have free insurance for all legalized citizens of the country. This is the only way the rights of the people can be addressed and have a healthy nation. The logical explanation of any given country is always determined by the health of all its citizens. Possible Answers Today the U.S. is one of the wealthiest countries in the world yet is cannot make sure all the citizens of have proper medical care. Health care in the country is very expensive both from the public and private providers. In 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau announced that over fifty million people in the country had not insurance cover (Anderson 3). This indicates that majority of the people decide to live without any form of health cover rather than paying exo rbitant amounts for the cover. Looking at it keenly, the citizens pay very heavy taxes for this health benefit to be provided (Squires 1). However, this is something yet to be realized. It would be wise tax the people and provide them with free medical cover and health insurance. Currently we have many citizens who do not have access or qualify for the insurance provided by the government; others cannot afford or purchase insurance, and other individuals are not insured by private employers. Such people have remained without any medical cover. Taxes paid by the people should always be used to address issues like people’s health and not concentrating much on foreign issues (Fox 1). Budget reports from

Not by popular demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Not by popular demand - Essay Example The agenda of the government highlight deficit cutting as a booster for employment is also criticized by the author. The statistics on people’s opinion on this clearly suggested that they even believed that deficit cutting would have negative impacts on job generation. The history of US politics shows that people have always reacted by voting down the parties which couldn’t bring in economic development. Looking into the issue in these terms, the stand of the republicans to go by the deficit cutting policy does fit into the bracket political manipulation of people’s opinion by using the media. The democrats are observed by the author as acting based on the common sense notion that ‘debt is bad;’ and are not concerned of the economic facts prevailing in the country. They are trying to create sentiments over the amount of debt that the country is in and is trying to push the deficit cutting agenda. Taking into account the history of the response of the voters on governments not oriented on economic development, the author warns the democrats to be careful on the cutting budget deficits agenda. More than the net result being bad for the democrats, the author fears that it may prove bad for the country.

Small business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Small business - Essay Example Although the business is doing well, it is important to mention that the business currently faces quite a number of challenges that. These include rising competition by rival companies, seasonal lows leading to losses at certain times of the year, and the challenge of many tourists in that most do not speak the Arabic language. Nonetheless, the company has managed to come up with such strategies as training her staff on various foreign languages, maximizing on the peak season in order to make up for the off-peak, and providing better products and series to clients. In terms of maintaining customer satisfaction, Green Era Travel has always ensured that the needs of the customers are given first priority. Besides, the company undertakes robust online marketing campaign in order to reach a broader spectrum of tourists who may be willing to visit United Arab Emirates. In this regard, the most valuable advice that can be learnt from the business is consistency and customer valuing at all times. Indeed, this strategy has seen Green Era Travel maintain a constant grip of an appreciable share of the UAE travel and tours market for the past one

Sports Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports Management - Essay Example This paper tells that countries have made teams of popular sports and each has their own representative in each respective sport. It has become a multimillion-dollar industry, to say the least (Aaron Smith and Bob Stewart, 1999). Sports like football and formula one are followed more regularly and enjoyed more by people that their religious festivals. Obviously, this means that things have become much more complex. Who will manage the team for instance Who will select the team in the first place from the thousands of talented individuals who have turned to give trials All this calls for some form of organization and proper management of sports. This is where sports management comes in. It is basically there too, well, manage sports. More specifically, this looks at sports from a more business point of view. How can you cash in on sports How to promote certain kinds of sports in the best way possible and which sports to stop chasing because they are just not worth spending a fortune o n? Entering into this field has many options to choose from. You can become a sports agent, who will basically provide you and your team opportunities to come on the stage and prove your worth. From there on then the whole thing will be your own talent. You can go on to become a sports manager, who in a nutshell will manage your team making sure that no member harms the team in any way such as getting caught in match-fixing and so on. If you are good with words then you can become a publicist where you can publicize the team and make it sound better than they really are, in many cases.

Management skillsDiversity within in the Workplace Article

Management skillsDiversity within in the Workplace - Article Example The manager should be able to makeup teams comprising of people with various differences and nature theses relationships to create cohesiveness. The manager should also be a good problem solver because conflicts are bound to occur. The manger should be versed in social psychology so that he can be able to establish how different people act and think. He should be a good negotiator so that conflicts in the workplace are solved promptly. People’s perceptions of each other affect their relations and for an organization to be run effectively, the management must be able to assess diversity by ensuring communication, adaptability and flexibility to accommodate change. A manager should be a good communicator so that he passes this skill to the employees. Communication in the workplace is also pivotal in ensuring that diversity is directed towards achievement. Communication between employees will make them learn about each other and the values they uphold, and this will increase cohesiveness because conflicts will be easily managed. Therefore, mangers need to know how to manage diversity by learning to work with people from across cultures and impact this knowledge on employees, and this will be beneficial in ensuring organizational success. Globalization has made people from different cultures to be employed in the same organization and there is need to integrate these cultures so that there is easy flow of operation. the manager should be able to set out rules that will ensure the different cultures blend in together for the common good of the organization (Shakhray, 2009). The manger should be aware of diversity training during recruitment, and this will ensure that employees learn to work and accommodate people from cultures that are different from theirs. Managers need to focus on diversity and look for ways of making their organization totally inclusive, and this will increase competitiveness and

Sports Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports Management - Essay Example This paper tells that countries have made teams of popular sports and each has their own representative in each respective sport. It has become a multimillion-dollar industry, to say the least (Aaron Smith and Bob Stewart, 1999). Sports like football and formula one are followed more regularly and enjoyed more by people that their religious festivals. Obviously, this means that things have become much more complex. Who will manage the team for instance Who will select the team in the first place from the thousands of talented individuals who have turned to give trials All this calls for some form of organization and proper management of sports. This is where sports management comes in. It is basically there too, well, manage sports. More specifically, this looks at sports from a more business point of view. How can you cash in on sports How to promote certain kinds of sports in the best way possible and which sports to stop chasing because they are just not worth spending a fortune o n? Entering into this field has many options to choose from. You can become a sports agent, who will basically provide you and your team opportunities to come on the stage and prove your worth. From there on then the whole thing will be your own talent. You can go on to become a sports manager, who in a nutshell will manage your team making sure that no member harms the team in any way such as getting caught in match-fixing and so on. If you are good with words then you can become a publicist where you can publicize the team and make it sound better than they really are, in many cases.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing - Essay Example Marketers have to pay close attention to different aspects of marketing both in real and digital marketing techniques; therefore their key responsibility is to develop an integrated linkage between the psychological images of product portrayed through various marketing techniques. In summary, customer should be provided with a realistic view of the product through marketing, so that he does not feel betrayed while utilizing the product for the first time, thus nullifying the possibility of overpromising. 2.0 Literature Review However, this concept is ill-defined according to the present literature of marketing (Cornelisson, 2003), so more empirical study is warranted for concerning this important topic. IMC is reported to have a positive impact on the brand image of the product (Reid, Luxton, & Movondo, 2005), through this technique products can be advertised worldwide in minimal financial implications. Another study is of the view that marketing combines, historical evidence, presen t development and future implications of a product upon customer’s quality of life. But conventional advertisement methodologies were not able to communicate these aspects of the product (Finne & Gronroos, 2009). Therefore, the promotional activities focused on the present development of the product, in this way customer could not relate the past, present and future with the product, this caused the impact of marketing to drop in the past. However, the availability of electronic media, such as internet streaming video technology, provides a ground for marketers to integrate the three times of a product in front of customers and prospects. IMC is also believed to be highly flexible in nature and could be used to market wide range of products and services. (Luck & Moffatt, 2009). Hence this method for marketing is based on the concept of highlighting abstractive qualities of the product, such as good looks in case of clothing and ease of access for a website. The phenomenon und er study is also designed to build customer linkages on personal level, because advertisements appear touchy and very moving on internet and social sites (Smith, 2010). Thus help in building a customer base for a product. But at the same time the product which is advertised through IMC, must be available in the market, so that customer could be facilitated while making purchase decision. Advertisers are compelled to use various marketing channels to cater for various types of customers; however the intactness of message’s meaningfulness is a significant challenge for business professionals (Zavrsnik & Jerman). IMC is vastly accepted in the advertising of hotels and other services (Comm, Saura, & Rijeci, 2009) . This paper turns its focus towards analyzing the famous cases of implementing IMC in a real world setting by The See-board Energy and Ice hotel AB. These organizations belong to very different businesses, but the applicability of IMC could be highlighted by the analysi s of these two campaigns. First of all, this

The Effects of Lsd Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Lsd Essay LSD was first synthesized on November 16, 1938 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. LSDs psychedelic properties were discovered 5 years later when Hofmann himself accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of the chemical. The first intentional ingestion of LSD occurred on April 19, 1943, when Hofmann ingested 250 mg of LSD. He said this would be a threshold dose based on the dosages of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann found the effects to be much stronger than he anticipated. Sandoz Laboratories introduced LSD as a psychiatric drug in 1947. Beginning in the 1950s the US Central Intelligence Agency began a research program code named Project MKULTRA. Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their reactions, usually without the subjects knowledge. The project was revealed in the US congressional Rockefeller Commission report in 1975. In 1963 the Sandoz patents expired on LSD. Also in 1963, the US Food and Drug Administration classified LSD as an Investigational New Drug, which meant new restrictions on medical and scientific use. [ Several figures, including Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, and Al Hubbard, began to advocate the consumption of LSD. LSD became central to the counterculture of the 1960s. On October 24, 1968, possession of LSD was made illegal in the United States. The last FDA approved study of LSD in patients ended in 1980, while a study in healthy volunteers was made in the late 1980s. Legally approved and regulated psychiatric use of LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993. Today, medical research is resuming around the world. Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide (INN) and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synesthesia, an altered sense of time and spiritual experiences, as well as for its key role in 1960s counterculture. It is used mainly as an entheogen, recreational drug, and as an agent in psychedelic therapy. LSD is non-addictive, is not known to cause brain damage, and has extremely low toxicity relative to dose. However, adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions are possible. LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hofmann in 1938 from ergotamine, a chemical derived by Arthur Stoll from ergot, a grain fungus that typically grows on rye. The short form LSD comes from its early code name LSD-25, which is an abbreviation for the German Lysergsaure-diethylamid followed by a sequential number. LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine, especially in solution, though its potency may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature. In pure form it is a colorless, odorless, tasteless solid. LSD is typically delivered orally, usually on a substrate such as absorbent blotter paper, a sugar cube, or gelatin. In its liquid form, it can also be administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection. LSD is very potent, with 20–30 Â µg (micrograms) being the threshold dose. New experiments with LSD have started in 2009 for the first time in 40 years. Introduced by Sandoz Laboratories, with trade-name Delysid, as a drug with various psychiatric uses in 1947, LSD quickly became a therapeutic agent that appeared to show great promise. In the 1950s, officials at the U. S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) thought the drug might be applicable to mind control and chemical warfare; the agencys MKULTRA research program propagated the drug among young servicemen and students. The subsequent recreational use of the drug by youth culture in the Western world during the 1960s led to a political firestorm that resulted in its prohibition. Currently, a number of organizations—including the Beckley Foundation, MAPS, Heffter Research Institute and the Albert Hofmann Foundation—exist to fund, encourage and coordinate research into the medicinal and spiritual uses of LSD and related psychedelics. LSD can cause pupil dilation, reduced or increased appetite, and wakefulness. Other physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and nonspecific, some of which may be secondary to the psychological effects of LSD. Among the reported symptoms are numbness, weakness, nausea, hypothermia or hyperthermia, elevated blood sugar, goose bumps, heart rate increase, jaw clenching, perspiration, saliva production, mucus production, sleeplessness, hyperreflexia, and tremors. Some users, including Albert Hofmann, report a strong metallic taste for the duration of the effects. LSD is not considered addictive by the medical community. Rapid tolerance build-up prevents regular use,[citation needed] and cross-tolerance has been demonstrated between LSD, mescaline[ and psilocybin. This tolerance diminishes after a few days after cessation of use and is probably caused by down regulation of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain. LSDs psychological effects (colloquially called a trip) vary greatly from person to person, depending on factors such as previous experiences, state of mind and environment, as well as dose strength. They also vary from one trip to another, and even as time pass during a single trip. An LSD trip can have long-term psych emotional effects; some users cite the LSD experience as causing significant changes in their personality and life perspective [citation needed]. Widely different effects emerge based on what Timothy Leary called set and setting; the set being the general mindset of the user, and the setting being the physical and social environment in which the drugs effects are experienced. Some psychological effects may include an experience of radiant colors, objects and surfaces appearing to ripple or breathe, colored patterns behind the closed eyelids (eidetic imagery), an altered sense of time (time seems to be stretching, repeating itself, changing speed or stopping), crawling geometric patterns overlaying walls and other objects, morphing objects, a sense that ones thoughts are spiraling into themselves, loss of a sense of identity or the ego (known as ego death), and other powerful psycho-physical reactions. Many users experience dissolution between themselves and the outside world. This unitive quality may play a role in the spiritual and religious aspects of LSD. The drug sometimes leads to disintegration or restructuring of the users historical personality and creates a mental state that some users report allows them to have more choice regarding the nature of their own personality. If the user is in a hostile or otherwise unsettling environment, or is not mentally prepared for the powerful distortions in perception and thought that the drug causes, effects are more likely to be unpleasant than if he or she is in a comfortable environment and has a relaxed, balanced and open mindset. LSD causes an altered sensory experience of senses, emotions, memories, time, and awareness for 6 to 14 hours, depending on dosage and tolerance. Generally beginning within thirty to ninety minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts. Changes in auditory and visual perception are typical. Visual effects include the illusion of movement of static surfaces (walls breathing), after mage-like trails of moving objects (tracers), the appearance of moving colored geometric patterns (especially with closed eyes), an intensification of colors and brightness (sparkling), new textures on objects, blurred vision, and shape suggestibility. Users commonly report that the inanimate world appears to animate in an unexplainable way; for instance, objects that are static in three dimensions can seem to be moving relative to one or more additional spatial dimensions. Many of the basic visual effects resemble the phosphine seen after applying pressure to the eye and have also been studied under the name form constants. The auditory effects of LSD may include echo-like distortions of sounds, changes in ability to discern concurrent auditory stimuli, and a general intensification of the experience of music. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental distortions of sensory perception such as synesthesia, the experience of additional spatial or temporal dimensions, and temporary dissociation. The potential uses of LSD end of life anxiety, alcoholism, pain, cluster headaches, spiritual, and creativity. These are the potential adverse effects: adverse drug interactions, mental disorders, and suggestibility and also psychosis.

How has US Immigration Policy been Criticized over Time?

How has US Immigration Policy been Criticized over Time? Directions: How has US immigration policy been criticized over time? Students need to consider public challenges to immigration policy. Write a paragraph using evidence from the sources that compares and contrasts the arguments made in opposition to three historical approaches to immigration policy. Use the Venn diagram to help organize your information Students will examine the actual legislation behind the three actions taken around immigration. Sources Used: Source A: Political cartoon, The Americanese Wall-as Congressman Burnett Would Build It Source B: Excerpt from a speech by Meyer Jacobstein Source C: 1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America Criticisms Source A Source B Source C List the criticisms of each immigration policy before writing your one page paper Featured Source Source A: Raymond O. Evans, cartoon, The Americanese Wall-as Congressman [John Lawson] Burnett Would Build It, Puck, March 25, 1916 Public domain. Available from the Library of Congress: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b00563/. Featured Source Source B: Senator Meyer Jacobstein of New York, congressional speech arguing against immigration restrictions, Congressional Record (excerpt),1924 Perhaps the chief argument expressed or implied by those favoring the Johnson bill [the Immigration Act of 1924] is that the new immigrant is not of a type that can be assimilated or that he will not carry on the best traditions of the founders of our Nation, but, on the contrary, is likely to fill our jails, our almshouses, and other institutions that impose a great tax burden on the Nation. Based on this prejudice and dislike, there has grown up an almost fanatical anti-immigration sentiment. But this charge against the newcomers is denied, and substantial evidence has been brought to prove that they do not furnish a disproportionate share of the inmates of these institutions.   Ã‚   One of the purposes in shifting to the 1890 census is to reduce the number of undesirables and defectives in our institutions. In fact, this aspect of the question must have made a very deep impression on the committee because it crops out on every occasion. The committee has unquestionably been influenced by the conclusions drawn from a study made by Dr. Laughlin. This is not the first time in American history that such an anti-foreign hysteria has swept the country. Reread your American histories. Go back and glance through McMasters History of the United States covering the years from 1820 to 1850. You will find there many pages devoted to the 100 per centers of that time. So strange was the movement against the foreigner in those decades before the Civil War that a national political party, the Know-Nothing Party, sought to ride into power on the crest of this fanatical wave. In those early days, however, the anti-foreign movement, strangely enough, was directed against the very people whom we now seek to prefer-the English, the Irish, and the Germans. The calamity howlers of a century ago prophesied that these foreigners would drag our Nation to destruction. The trouble is that the committee is suffering from a delusion. It is carried away with the belief that there is such a thing as a Nordic race which possesses all the virtues, and in like manner creates the fiction of an inferior group of peoples, for which no name has been invented. Nothing is more un-American. Nothing could be more dangerous, in a land the Constitution of which says that all men are created equal, than to write into our law a theory which puts one race above another, which stamps one group of people as superior and another as inferior. The fact that it is camouflaged in a maze of statistics will not protect this Nation from the evil consequences of such an unscientific, un-American, wicked philosophy. Public domain. Congressional Record, 1924. Featured Source Source C: Jennifer Ludden, transcript of All Things Considered program about immigration policy, 1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America National Public Radio, May 9, 2006 NOTE: Students should listen to the piece online at http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395. Transcript: 1965 Immigration Law Changed Face of America May 09, 2006 MICHELE NORRIS, Host: From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. Im Michele Norris. ROBERT SIEGEL, Host: And Im Robert Siegel. As Congress considers sweeping changes to immigration law, nearly all the debate has centered on the problem of illegal immigration. Theres been very little talk about the concerns of legal immigrants, the estimated three to four million people who are, as its often said, already standing in line. NORRIS: Today were going to begin a three-part series about the process of immigrating to the U.S. legally. First, were going to step back and look at the history of our immigration law. The current system dates to 1965. It marked a radical break with previous policy and has led to profound demographic changes. As NPRs Jennifer Ludden reports, thats not how the law was seen when it was passed. JENNIFER LUDDEN: This is the kind of rally that was taking place back then. (SOUNDBITE OF CIVIL RIGHTS RALLY) LUDDEN: At the height of the Civil Rights movement, equality, democracy, freedom were the ideas that seized the nation. And against them, the way the United States decided which foreigners could and could not enter the country became an increasing embarrassment. STEPHEN KLINEBERG: I mean, the law was just unbelievable in its clarity of racism. LUDDEN: Stephen Klineberg is a sociologist at Rice University. KLINEBERG: It declared that Northern Europeans are a superior subspecies of the white race. The Nordics were superior to the Alpines, who in turn were superior to the Mediterraneans, and all of them were superior to the Jews and the Asians. LUDDEN: By the 1960s, Greeks, Poles, Portuguese and Italians were complaining that immigration quotas discriminated against them in favor of Western Europeans. The Democratic Party took up their cause, led by the new president. Heres John F. Kennedy speaking to the Italian migration in June 1963. JOHN F. KENNEDY: There are still a good many brothers and sisters of American citizens who are unable to get here, who may have preferences as members of families, but because of the maldistribution of quotas in the European area, we have this situation, which has become nearly intolerable. LUDDEN: After Kennedys assassination, Congress passed and President Lyndon Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Services Act. It leveled the immigration playing field, giving a nearly equal shot to newcomers from every corner of the world. The ceremony was held at the foot of the symbolically powerful Statue of Liberty. But if cable TV networks had been there, they probably would not have broken in live. Heres how President Johnson began his speech. LYNDON JOHNSON: This bill that we will sign today is not a revolutionary bill. It does not affect the lives of millions. It will not reshape the structure of our daily lives or really add importantly to either our wealth or our power. LUDDEN: Hearing that now, it is an amazing statement because it proved so wrong. So how could Johnson say that? Sociologist Klineberg says the governments newfound sense of egalitarianism only went so far. The central purpose of the new immigration law was to reunite families. KLINEBERG: So the Congress then said, well, nothings going to change, because were going to give preference to people who are already, who are related to people who are already here. Then it added another provision, if you were a professional of exceptional ability, if you have skills that are in demonstrably short supply, you, too, can come to the head of the line. Congress was saying in its debates, we need to open the door for some more British doctors, some more German engineers. It never occurred to anyone, literally, that there were going to be African doctors, Indian engineers, Chinese computer programmers whod be able, for the first time in the 20th century, to immigrate to America. LUDDEN: In fact, expert after expert had testified before Congress that little would change. Secretary of State Dean Rusk repeatedly stressed the issue wasnt the numbers. No more people were likely to come, it was simply the principle. Listen to this reading of an exchange between Secretary Rusk and a skeptical Senator Sam Irvin, Democrat of North Carolina. Unidentified Man #1: You have in India a lot of people who would like to get into this country, do you not? Unidentified Man #2: We dont have a long waiting list. Man #1: It is because they havent been able to get in. Even with a bleak opportunity to get in, as they have, they have 150 applications for every visa that could be issued. NORRIS: Yes, the present estimate, based upon the best information we can get, is there might be, say, 8,000 immigrants from India in the next five years. In other words, I dont think we have a particular picture of a world situation where everybody is just straining to move to the United States. OTIS GRAHAM: When I first started studying this, I thought, now theyre lying, because they want this thing to pass. LUDDEN: But historian Otis Graham, professor emeritus of the University of California at Santa Barbara, changed his mind. GRAHAM: I changed my mind because Ive found, in the research that Ive been able to do, that so many lobbyists that followed this issue, so many labor union executives that followed this issue, so many church people, so many of those involved said the same thing. So you find ignorance three feet deep. Maybe ignorance is the answer. KAREN NARASAKI: I often wonder whether some of the people knew, but perhaps werent sharing that with other people. Because it would scare them. LUDDEN: Karen Narasaki heads the Asian American Justice Center. She finds the 1965 immigration overhaul all the more extraordinary because theres evidence it was not popular with the public. NARASAKI: It was not what people were marching in the streets over in the 1960s. It was really a group of political elites who, I think, were trying to look into the future of the United States. And again, it was the issue of, are we going to be true to what we say our values are? MARIAN SMITH: Well here you are in the CIS Historical Reference Library, our history office and library. LUDDEN: Marian Smith is the historian for Citizenship and Immigration Services, one of the agencies that replaced the old INS. The files of documents here can be mundane, but the walls are framed with lovely older maps, population charts and demographic bar graphs. SMITH: Apparently we had money back then to actually pay for these kind of color lithographs that would be printed each year. LUDDEN: In 1965, the political elite on Capitol Hill may not have predicted a mass increase in immigration, but Marian Smith pulls out a little agency booklet from the 1966 that certainly did. It explains how each provision in the new law would lead to a rapid increase in applications, a big jump in workload and more and more so as word trickled out to those newly eligible to come. Smith says a lifetime of immigration backlogs had built up among Americas foreign-born minorities. SMITH: And so, they will petition for their family members and they will petition for their family members. And whether were talking about immigrants from Asia, Latin America, Africa, all these portions of the world where there is a demand for immigration. After World War II and with the post colonial status of many of these places, the shifting populations, the ability sometimes for people now to join their family in America, that maybe the only reason wasnt the inability to get a quota visa for the United States. Maybe they had trouble getting out before. LUDDEN: There were other things no one could have predicted, how immigration from Europe dropped off because of lower birth rates and higher standards of living. How Africa imploded and wars and famine there and elsewhere produced waves of refugees. And then the millions of illegal immigrants. But its the system of family-based immigration thats driven this countrys profound demographic transformation. Over time, in a process critics call chain migration, entire families have reestablished themselves in the U.S. Historian Otis Graham thinks the policy has been a terrible mistake. GRAHAM: Family reunification puts the decision as to who comes to America in the hands of foreigners. Those decisions are out of the hands of the Congress. They just set up a formula and its kinship. Frankly, it could be called nepotism. LUDDEN: In fact, President Kennedys original proposal made skills-based migration the priority. But Graham says a broad lobby pushed for the greater emphasis on families. It included churches, ethnic groups whose members had family in the old country and the AFL-CIO. Graham says the union worried about competition from too many highly skilled newcomers. For Karen Narasaki of the Asian American Justice Center, the family focus makes sense. NARASAKI: If you think about families and, you know, if you think about the roles that, say, your parents play when you have children. And how they help you, you know, take care of the newborns and provide support for you or how your brothers and sisters in the Asian community, what often happens is brothers and sisters get together and they buy a home together. They pool their money and they buy a business together. And so it, you know, family is very important to not just the social, emotional wellbeing, but also the economic well being of these communities. (SOUNDBITE OF NATURALIZATION CEREMONY) LUDDEN: At a recent naturalization ceremony, 32 immigrants gather for their oath in the ornate rotunda of Washingtons National Archives. Of them, three are from Western Europe. The rest of those gaining citizenship here are overwhelmingly from Africa, Latin American and Asia. At a basement reception, the new citizens pose for pictures holding tiny American flags and a gift bag that includes a refrigerator magnet of the U.S. Constitution and an ATT prepaid calling card. One older woman is radiant in her Sunday best with a broad-brimmed hat. HANNAH INDOVISI: Im from Nigeria. My name is Hannah Indovisi. And you know the meaning of Indovisi? It means life is first. LUDDEN: And Indovisi was sponsored by her U.S. citizen son, Samuel. SAMUEL INDOVISI: Everybody in the world I dont know if you know this wants to come to the United States of America. All you need to do is go to the embassy, any embassy, and see long, long, long lines of people who want to come here. LUDDEN: In fact, Indovisi has a long line of relatives still in Nigeria whod love to come. Its the same with a brand new citizen munching cookies nearby. AMA BALI: My name is Ama Bali and Im from Sudan. Yes, I have my parents. I have sisters. I have brothers. And Im going to apply for them to come here soon. I hope so. LUDDEN: Are they excited for that?    BALI: Definitely, definitely. I hope they will be here soon. LUDDEN: It may not be soon at all though. The immigration system set up specifically to reunite families is so overwhelmed with applicants, relatives who wait their turn must endure being divided for years. Thats tomorrows story. Used by permission of National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395.

Computer Culture :: Technology Internet Essays

Computer Culture I registered for this capstone course simply because its description in the English Department course guide intrigued me. I never imagined that the central issues of the course would intersect so often and so dynamically with the postmodern ideas of truth and representation in which I was already immersed. I first articulated (for myself) the differences between oral and literate culture in a post to our class listserv on November 15, 2001. The major difference between oral and literate cultures is the primacy of the word itself. In oral culture, the words are everything; they are performance, they are meaning, and they are central to all understanding and memory. In literate culture, the words have been once removed by the representation of written language; they are now letters on a page. The sounds and actions are lost and the interpretation of language becomes more private and individual. Instead of being experienced, as in oral culture, words are simply absorbed in literate culture. These ideas are further illustrated by referring to Metaphors We Live By, by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. An obvious focal point of the book, and the idea that my first summary for this class explored, is the notion that the title implies: we live by certain dominant metaphors. This is a function of oral culture despite the fact that we live in a predominantly literate culture. After certain metaphors become commonplace to speak in and with, they begin to transcend speech; they enter thought processes and allow people to not only speak, but also think, in the dominant metaphorical concepts of the culture. The concept love, for example, is structured mostly in metaphorical terms: love is a journey, love is a patient, love is a physical force, love is madness, love is war, etc. The concept of love has a core that is minimally structured by the subcategorization love is an emotion and by links to other emotions, e.g., liking. This is typical of emotional concepts, which are not clearly delineated in our experience in any direct fashion and therefore must be comprehended primarily indirectly, via metaphor. (85) This excerpt from Metaphors We Live By aptly supports the idea that people think in terms of metaphor, and thereby experience metaphor in the structures of oral culture as much as (if not more than) literate culture.