Information Technology And Information Systems - 1797 Words

Information technology (IT) provides diverse opportunities for companies to automate, inform, and transform their business infrastructures and outcomes (Rahimi, Mà ¸ller, Hvam, 2016). ICT (Information and Communications Technology) is rapidly growing in applications and uses for designing, producing, and delivering traditional and new technological products and services (El Kadiri et al., 2015). Managers of ICT and information systems (IS) would benefit from understanding issues and trends in ICT that can affect their business models and financial indicators. This paper explores information technology issues and trends in the context of business. Furthermore, because ICT trends and issues are numerous, it focuses on ICT technologies for enterprise information systems, specifically (a) data value chain management, (b) context awareness, (c) usability, interaction and visualization, (d) human learning and continuous education, and (e) IT outsourcing. It describes these issues first and then proceeds to illustrate the current state of thinking regarding poor or missing integration between business management and IT management and related social issues of IT management. It also presents personal opinions regarding these issues. Information Technology Issues Five of the most pressing IT issues that impact business affect how data is seen, collected, integrated, and used in national and multinational corporations are (a) data value chain management, (b) context awareness, (c)Show MoreRelatedInformation Technology And Information Systems Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesInformation Technology Information technology and systems are vital to our success personally and professionally, and managers rely on information technology and systems every day. It is these systems that also help to support managers in planning, leading, organizing, and controlling. Many people need access to the same information which requires information to be centralized, accessible, stored, updated, and even customized. In this paper, we will explore how information technology and informationRead MoreInformation Technology and Information Systems2340 Words   |  10 PagesThe Information technology industry, where nothing is predictable and constant change has become a usual trend, is now on its new phase of its evolution stages. According to Richard L. Nolan, MBA Class of 1942 Professor of Business Administration: â€Å"Information Technology is no longer being used as just a tactical resource, it’s now fundamentally influencing business strategy and competition† (http://www.alu mni.hbs.edu/bulletin/1997/april/text/theory_text.html 04.02.06). This paper will examine andRead MoreInformation Technology vs Information Systems2169 Words   |  9 PagesALL Questions. 1. What is the difference between information technology and information systems? Describe some of the functions of information systems. In your answer include two examples of information technologies and two examples of information systems. Information technology is the use of computer hardware, software and associated technologies to process data and achieve company’s business objectives. Some examples of information technologies include mobile computer devices such as PDAs as wellRead MoreManagement Of Information Technology And Information Systems3409 Words   |  14 PagesProf. Brabazon Management of Information Technology and Information Systems July 10, 2015  I. Executive Summary Zappos introduced a brand new business model that revolved around retaining a customer rather than spending money for new customers. Zappos had to ensure control over the delivery mechanism so they could â€Å"WOW† their customers with excellent service and delivery. They maintained their own inventory and warehouse, and developed an inventory management system. Zappos business strategy isRead MoreBuilding An Information Technology And Information Systems1775 Words   |  8 Pagesestablishment of an information technology and information systems, enterprises have experienced a constant increase in their size, scope and complexity. So functional or logical construction and model representations are needed to manage and organize. In 1990’s and earlier, a lot of Enterprise Architecture (EA) emerged out of IT function. It is very much about dealing with problems of the day to day. We have real world IT systems which do not interoperate with each other or share information. So, thereRead MoreThe Information Systems / Technologies2302 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction In this paper, we will analyze a few of the Information Systems/Technologies that are currently used by Workday and also, we will propose a couple of other Information Systems/Technologies that can be employed at Workday in future to further improve its performance. About Workday Workday is a leading provider of enterprise cloud applications for human resources and finance. Workday delivers human capital management, financial management, and analytics applications designed for theRead MoreInformation Technology : One Of The Information System In Bangladesh999 Words   |  4 PagesIn this current phenomena, information technology has arrived to a pick point where everything depends on it as well as the business sector. It is quite impossible to run a business without the use of information system. RFID is one of the booming technology of this era which helps the business sectors in monitoring and securing inventory, serving customers fast and easily. RFID systems use tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data about an item and its location to transmit radio signalsRead MoreInformation Technology And The Health Systems1301 Words   |  6 PagesInformation Technology (IT) Initiative Proposal As the business analyst for the Health Systems, Inc., I had was afforded the opportunity to conduct an analysis on the current information technology systems. Upon recognizing and discovering several issues within the Health Systems, Inc. existing information technology systems, my team and I are preparing resolutions for each and every one of them. In addition to these resolutions, we will incorporate an Information Security and Assurance platformRead MoreOverview of Information Systems and Technology1430 Words   |  6 PagesOverview of Information Systems and Technology Introduction An information system is used within an organization for the purpose of providing the management and other employees with updated information regarding the organizations performance. The information provided includes current sales, and inventory. These information systems are designed, developed, and maintained so they can capture, compile, quantify, analyze, and share information with the various departments within the organization.Read MoreInformation Systems And Database Technology1599 Words   |  7 PagesHealth information systems and database technology continue to advance and grow and allow users to pull data and interconnect like ever before. The goal for this discussion is to better familiarize you with fundamental concepts in relation to database systems and relevant health information standards. We will also be comparing three of the top ten most purchased EHR systems for comparison, allowing you to understand the functionality of each system, as well as, the barriers to implementation. A

Role of Women in WWI - 1712 Words

Role of Women in WWI Abstract During the World War I, effective propaganda and publicity was used by Britain and its allies to create patriotism, recruit new soldiers, and raise funds and to justify for going on war against the enemy. Women played an important role in influencing the propaganda of World War I. Literature, music, cinema, posters and postcards were used in order to promote the war and justify its cause by Britain and its allies. World War I had a massive impact in Europe and North America and all over the world. It had an influence on all the spheres of individuals, especially in Europe and North America. The word propaganda is defined as the doctrines, ideas, arguments, facts, or allegations spread by deliberate effort through any medium of communication in order to further ones cause or to damage an opposing cause (Dombrowski, 1999, 59). In simple terms, it is defined as the strategy and course of action taken to influence a cause and promote it within the entire community. It is also considered to be the publicity of ideas in order to convince the public. In order to promote a propaganda, it is essential that strong media is utilized to transmit it to a large audience in order to accomplish its objective(Gavin, 2007, 46). During the World War I, effective propaganda and publicity was used by Britain and its allies to create patriotism, recruit new soldiers, and raise funds and to justify for going on war against the enemy. Women played anShow MoreRelatedHow Important Was the Role of Women During Wwi Essay623 Words   |  3 PagesHow important was the role of women during world war 1 The early rush of volunteers and later the conscription of men led to a shortage of manpower on the home front. Women, already working in munitions factories were encouraged to take on jobs normally done by men. This was the start of major social change. Before the war, women had been content to stay at home to bring up the family and do domestic work. It was considered unbecoming for a woman to work. During the war it was considered unpatrioticRead MoreWomen’s Role in Wwi: Before and After1357 Words   |  6 Pagesand employment, were women. The outbreak of WWI saw a number of unexpected changes take place within the common social strata. These changes were prompted by the fact that a new wave of social-thinking was taking shape and eventually affected the manner by which the society reflected itself. While men formed political parties, engaged in planning war schemes and creating economic strategies, women also played an essential and significant role during wartime Europe. WWI women can be described toRead MoreAmerica: United in Change1005 Words   |  4 Pagesjumped into WWI in 1914, America adopted a policy of neutrality. News of the horrors of the war convinced Americans that they had taken the right approach. Many could not believe that a civilized society could resort to such atrocities. Germany’s use of U-boats in unrestricted submarine warfare finally pushed the U.S. to declare war. President Wilson urged for peace based upon the idea of a League of Nations, where many nations would act as one to pre serve the peace of all. Although WWI pitted countryRead MoreHistory : The Women s Movement1614 Words   |  7 Pagesway of becoming a country that has learned to accept women, move towards providing them with equal opportunities and treating them equally. Through economic, social and political movements and actions, the contribution from women and the women’s movement have increased, changed and improved women’s rights and equality greatly. Women worked to create independence and equality economically through their contributions to war on the homefront in WWI resulting in greater workplace equality, socially throughRead MoreModern Femininity And Gender Roles1223 Words   |  5 Pagesmost importantly, Hà ¶ch challenges the concept of modern femininity and gender roles through her work. As the only female Berlin Dada artist, Hannah Hà ¶ch takes a unique and important perspective on the social and political changes occurring in 20th century Germany. Hà ¶ch was born in 1889 in Gotha, Germany. She moved to Berlin in 1912 to study calligraphy, embroidery, wallpaper design, and graphic art (National Museum of Women in the Arts). In 1915, she met Raoul Hausmann, with whom she had a seven-yearRead MoreThe Major Reasons for Women Receiving the Right to Vote 1099 Words   |  4 PagesThe major reasons for women receiving in 1918 the vote in my opinion were divided into sections, political view, male view, war effort and changes in law and legislation. Whilst some historians argue that the women’s work during WWI in factories and other work programmes radically changed male ideas about their role in society other traditional historians suggest that the government passing the legislation to give women the vote in 1918 was almost a reward for their efforts I believe that this explanationRead MoreVictorian Era Gender Roles and the Development of Women’s Football in England1054 Words   |  5 Pagesgender roles in British c ulture in the context of Victorian era values and women’s football: â€Å"‘The Cultures of sport in Britain have been distinctively male, rooted in masculine values and patriarchal exclusiveness’† Through the introduction of female football into British society the system of Victorian values were challenged by expanding gender roles. The institution of women’s soccer in the late 19th and 20th century was supported by the wartime need to reorder gender roles during WWI, and itRead MoreThe World War I, The Australian Home Front1702 Words   |  7 Pagescensorship drastically altered the Australians’ views of war and women began to pick up odd jobs in order to assist the soldiers as very few of them were allowed to directly help as nurses in Gallipoli. There were also extreme economic alterations as the wages in Australia were pushed down and prices were pushed up, and the country discarded major trade partners who had become their enemy. *** The Australian home front during WWI was drastically altered politically through the conscription voteRead MoreA Brief Note On Wwi And The War1538 Words   |  7 Pages WWI began on July 28th, 1914. This war was between the allies which included  Britain, Russia, France, Italy and the  United States and the Central Powers which were Germany, Austria,  Ottoman Empire  and  Bulgaria.   In the beginning of the war when men were beginning to get drafted there were too many job vacancies. Many companies were facing a significant loss of employees due to the fact that men held most of the jobs because the women were at home performing their domestic duties. Many women hadRead MoreHow Medicine Changed American History1296 Words   |  6 PagesAs expected, with war comes extensive injuries. During WWI, it took a wounded soldier about 24 hours to travel from the battlefield to a hospital. Many times, the soldiers did not live through that excruciating 24 hours. The wounds inflicted on many soldiers led to the development of new medical techniques and improvements (iWonder 2015). The quickly rising death toll during WWI led to the creation of b lood transfusion techniques. Prior to WWI, blood transfusions were nearly impossible without cross-matching

Philosophy Of Education Based On Curriculum Perspectives Education Essay Free Essays

Gregory A ; Ripski ( 2008 ) explains the effects of making trust and edifice bonds with pupils, â€Å" A relational attack may gain pupil cooperation via pupils ‘ feelings of their instructors as trustworthy and legitimate authorization figures † . Teachers must be leaders inside and outside the schoolroom. The instructor ‘s function is to first make energy to swear and esteem in their schoolroom. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy Of Education Based On Curriculum Perspectives Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now By making a schoolroom scene that is safe and loving ; pupils ‘ motive and energy towards larning is straight wedged explains Eccles A ; Roeser ( 2003 ) , â€Å" It has been suggested that due to the developmental significance of relationships during adolescence ( peculiarly relationships outside the household ) , a socially supportive school atmosphere will advance positive academic and societal results in immature people † as cited in Associating Academic Social Environments, Ego-Identity formation, Ego Virtues and Academic Success ( Good A ; Adams 2008 ) . The key of a successful instructor is understanding how they became the instructors they which straight impacts pupil success. Student success is straight relationship to a safe schoolroom scene, positive relationships with pupils, and the desire to larn. I believe that each kid possesses the ability to be successful no affair what their environment. Each pupil has a alone personality that with individualised attending can happen success in whatever they set their head to make. I believe that pupils should be able to have an instruction in an environment that is safe, and fulfilling to everyone involved. It is my belief that each kid possesses a flicker inside them and the function of the pedagogue is to tackle that flicker and make energy ( desire ) of the pupil to larn. Many first twelvemonth pedagogues receive advice such as â€Å" do non smile until December † and â€Å" Let pupils neglect in the beginning, so they know they need you † , Landsman et Al ( 2008 ) argues, â€Å" Unfortunately, excessively many instructors begin their calling without a tool kit full of schemes for pull offing pupil acquisition. Therefore, they end up training pupils with force and menaces † . With this attitude educating the pupils of today is a losing conflict. The attack pedagogues take into their schoolroom sing pupils can finally order the success of the pupils behaviorally and academically, â€Å" Educators can construct better schools by cognizing, swearing, authorising, linking, and honouring all their pupils † ( Hoffman A ; Lavek 2008 ) . The cogent evidence comes from the pupils ‘ success. The intent of instruction is to enable pupils to go successful in their lives. As an pedagogue I must larn what is of import to my pupils and what will assist them win in mundane life. Taking what is of import to them combined with the Georgia Performance Standards will assist to make their single success. I believe effectual instructors should make this every twenty-four hours every bit good as relate all acquisition to the universe around the pupils doing it meaningful to them. Constructing Relationships Relationships are non built in an blink of an eye. Time builds bonds with pupils. Relationships do non come over dark between pupils and instructors, nevertheless the clip exhausted making these bonds nurture a successful schoolroom, â€Å" The clip required to develop relationships with pupils may be significant. However without this clip, the loath scholar may ne’er go engaged in larning † ( Landsman, Moore, A ; Simmons 2008 ) . A successful school is a topographic point where instructors take the clip to larn about their pupils as stated by Hoffman A ; Lavek ( 2008 ) , â€Å" To make schools that function as individualized communities of larning instead than anon. establishments where some pupils feel they belong and others feel ignored, we must cognize our students-how they think, what they need, and what they want † . Relationships in the schoolroom and off from academically puting have the possible to impact the pupils instantly every bit good as supply a longer last impact. Classroom Environment Teachers many times can make a nurturing environment or cold schoolroom by the manner they perceive certain pupils. The incrimination is frequently passed on to the pupil as a deficiency of motive or duty, but the instructors may be the incrimination. As cited in, Reluctant Teacher, Ladson-Billings ( 2006 ) indicates that instructors who define pupils in such footings create a schoolroom environment that is no longer a topographic point of acquisition and high outlooks, but instead a topographic point rooted in control and direction. Such conditions will non assist the loath scholar become successful ( Landsman et al.2008 ) . Students want to experience that they are of import. They want to experience as if they belong, and have a interest in what they are making in the schools, â€Å" loath scholars need to experience that they are heard, that their narratives, their voices, their inquiries, and their parts affair. The best instructors make pupil voices the centre of the category à ¢â‚¬  ( Landsman et al 2008 ) . My end is to do learning merriment and take every docile minute to the benefit of my pupils. In order to supply my pupils with a route map to success ; I am committed to utilizing new and advanced techniques every bit good as go oning to turn professionally. I will make a stimulating ambiance wrapped with positive support, so pupils can turn and maturate emotionally, intellectually, physically, and socially. Academic Achievement and Behavior Fostering relationships where the pupils trust and have a relationship with their instructor lead to a well run schoolroom academically and behaviorally. Students who feel their environment in secure and understand the outlooks are more likely to back up and work for their instructor describes Stuhlman, Hamre, A ; Pianta ( 2002 ) , â€Å" since the schoolroom is the puting where pupils execute on a day-to-day footing, doing it a more supportive environment may hold more immediate and longer-lasting effects on results such as behaviour and attending † . Another factor is behavior jobs and hapless academic accomplishment is motive. Students who are non motivated are more likely to hold behavior issues or academic jobs. Dissecting the pupils ‘ involvements to research how to actuate their acquisition will engender a schoolroom where pupils are willing to work, â€Å" by developing and presenting such schemes, pedagogues facilitate the edifice of positive relationships bet ween instructors and pupils that can supply the motive, enterprise, and battle which are indispensable for academic success † ( Stuhlman et al 2002 ) . Collaboration is the following key to pupil success. Without the support of the parents and/or defenders and all pedagogues involved so larning is jeopardized. Educators can non trust to accomplish success without back uping one another and the support of the parents. Students can make higher degrees of larning when all grownups involved in their acquisition aids take their educational growing beyond the walls of the school. Gregory, A. , A ; Ripski, M. ( 2008 ) . Adolescent trust in instructors: Deductions for behaviour in high school schoolroom. School Psychology Review, 37 ( 3 ) 337-353. Good, A ; Adams, . ( 2008 ) . Associating academic societal environments, ego-identity formation, self-importance virtuousnesss and academic success. Adolescence, 43 ( 170 ) , 221-236. Hansen, K. ( 2008 ) . Rewriting Bildung for Postmodernity: Books on Educational Philosophy, Classroom Practice, and Reflective Teaching. Curriculum Inquiry, 38 ( 1 ) , 93-115. doi:10.1111/j.1467-873X.2007.00399.x Hoffman, D. , A ; Levak, B. ( 2003 ) . Personalizing schools. Educational Leadership 61 ( 1 ) 30-34. Landsman, J. , Moore, T. , A ; Simmons, R. ( 2008 ) . Loath instructors, Educational Leadership, 65 ( 6 ) 62-66. Slater, L. ( 2004 ) . Relationship-driven instruction cultivates coaction and inclusion Kappa Delta Pi Record 40 ( 2 ) . Stickney, J. ( 2006 ) . Deconstructing Discourses about ‘New Paradigms of Teaching ‘ : A Foucaultian and Wittgensteinian position. Educational Philosophy A ; Theory, 38 ( 3 ) , 327-371. doi:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2006.00198.x. Stuhlman, M. , Hamre, B. , A ; Pianta, R. ( 2002 ) . Advancing the teen/teacher connexion. The Education Connection, 68 ( 3 ) , 15-17. How to cite Philosophy Of Education Based On Curriculum Perspectives Education Essay, Essay examples

Water Level Indicator free essay sample

Generally when we are pumping liquids like water or may be any other liquid is we need a human to see whether the tank is filled or not or we will place a overflow pipe to know that the tank is fill or not in case of water tank and we get confirmed from the water coming from overflow pipe that the has been filled. ere is lots of wastage of water and still we need a human to have a look  over it and so to avoid this and to save wastage of water or any other liquid that is being filled. Here is a simple circuit for liquid level alarm this circuit only tells us when the tank is full with a beep sound. It is built around two BC547 transistors (T1 and T2) and two timer 555 ICs(IC1 and IC2). Both IC1 and IC2 are wired in a stable multi vibrator mode. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Level Indicator or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Timer IC1 produces low frequency, while timer IC2 produces high frequency. As a result, a beeping tone is generated when the liquid tank is full. Initially, when the tank is empty, transistor T1 does not conduct. Consequently, transistor T2 conducts and pin 4 of IC1 is low. This low voltage disables IC1 and it does not oscillate. The low output of IC1 disables IC2 and it does not oscillate. As a result, no sound is heard from the speaker. But when the tank gets filled up, transistor T1 conducts. Consequently, transistor T2 is cut off and pin 4 of IC1 becomes high. This high voltage enablesIC1 and it oscillates to produce low frequencies at pin 3. This low-frequency output enables IC2and it also oscillates to produce high frequencies. As a result, sound is produced from the speaker. Using preset VR1 we can control the volume of the sound from the speaker. The circuit can be powered from a 9V battery or from mains by using a 9V power adaptor. This circuit can  be easily designed and it is easy to Assemble the circuit on a general purpose PCB and we can enclose it in a suitable cabinet. The circuit is as shown below. Circuit of water level indicator 2) CIRCUIT DIAGARM: 3) How it works: The circuit contains I. Bc547 transistors II. Ic 555 timers III. Resistors IV. Capacitors V. Speaker/Buzzer/alarm VI. 9v power supply(battery/ 9v adaptor) VII. Preset VIII. PCB Here we will install two water-level probes using metal strips such that one touches the bottom of the tank and the other touches the maximum level of the water in the tank. Interconnect the sensor and the circuit using a flexible wire as shown in above circuit diagram. hen tank is empty or until the liquid touches the probe present at maximum level the transistor T1 doesn’t conducts and then output is high at collector of transistor T1, this drives the transistor T2 and transistor T2is in on state, and the output at collector of transistor will be low and as it is connected to  pin4(reset pin) this disables ic1(555timer) and output at pin3 which is also low and as it is connected to pin4 of ic2(555tim er) and the output is also low at pin3and it does not produce any sound . When the water or liquid level touches the second probe which is at maximum liquid level, the transistor T1 conducts and then output is low at collector of transistor T1, this drives the transistor T2 into cutoff and transistor T2 is in off state, and the output at collector of  transistor will be high and as it is connected to pin4(reset pin) this enables ic1(555timer) and output at pin3 which is also high and as it is connected to pin4 of ic2(555timer) and the output is  produced at pin3and it produces sound. nd by hearing sound we can confirm that the tank is filled with liquid and we can stop filling it. Also we need a human to switch on and off the  pumping of water, instead of speaker we can use a automatic switch which can switch off the  pumping automatically. 4) COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION: A) IC 555 TIMER The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. Introduced in 1972 by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use, thanks to its ease of use, low price, and good stability. It is now made by many companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year. ? PIN DIAGRAM: Pin 1 (Ground): Connects to the 0v power supply. Pin 2 (Trigger): Detects 1/3 of rail voltage to make output HIGH. Pin 2 has control over pin 6. If pin 2 is LOW, and pin 6 LOW,   output goes and stays HIGH. If pin 6 HIGH, and pin 2 goes LOW, output goes LOW while pin 2 LOW. A small current entering the base in common-emitter | |mode is amplified in the collector output. In other terms, an NPN transistor is on when its base is pulled high relative | |to the emitter. The arrow in the NPN transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and points in the direction of the conventional| |current flow when the device is in forward active mode. One mnemonic device for identifying the symbol for the NPN | |transistor is not pointing in. An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared anode region. In typical | |operation, the emitter base junction is forward biased and the base collector junction is reverse biased. In an NPN | |transistor, for example, when a positive voltage is applied to the base emitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally | |generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the depletion region becomes unbalanced, allowing thermally excited | |electrons to inject into the base region. These electrons wander (or diffuse) through the base from the region of high | |concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistors terminals to the intensity of current in the circuit is called its resistance, and this can be assumed to be a constant (independent of the voltage) for ordinary resistors working within their ratings. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits. D) CAPACITOR: A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other purposes. The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge  ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them: [pic] Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes: [pic] E) PRESET: A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying resistance in a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does not vary linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. Such variable resistors are commonly used for adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor. The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at front and one of the two other terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front leg. So whenever only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor. Presets are specified by their fixed value resistance. Pin Diagram: F) BUZZER: A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Mechanical A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer. Electromechanical Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word buzzer comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made. Piezoelectric Piezoelectric disk beeper A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep. G) PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD: [pic] A printed circuit board, or  PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks, or  traces ,etched   from copper sheets laminated on to a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board(PWB) or  etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly(PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assemble(PCBA). PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either  wire-wrapped or  Ã‚  point-to-point constructed   circuits, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production. Much of the electronics industrys PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization. 5) SCOPE: This circuit only indicates the amount of water present in the over head tank, It gives an alarm when the tank is full. This worthy device starts ringing as soon as the water tank becomes full. It helps to check overflow and wastage of  water by warning the customer when the tank is about to brim. ? Now no need to go on the roof to look the water level. ? Alarm starts ringing as soon as tank becomes full. ? Suitable for every tank. ? Easy to make and economical circuit.